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Computer Architecture Examples and Hierarchy

By Cheuk Wong. Computer Architecture Examples and Hierarchy. Hierarchy. Layers of components made out of smaller parts A higher layer will abstract the immediate lower layer

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Computer Architecture Examples and Hierarchy

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  1. By Cheuk Wong Computer Architecture Examples and Hierarchy

  2. Hierarchy • Layers of components made out of smaller parts • A higher layer will abstract the immediate lower layer • We can design complex systems using higher abstraction layer without worrying about the individual components of the lower layers • Can be used in both hardware as well as software

  3. Example of Software hierarchy • From Highest to Lowest • Applications: MS Powerpoints, Firefox, etc • High level program languages: Java, C/C++, etc • Interpreted Languages: LISP, ProLog • Assembly Languages: x86 • Machine Code: Binaries • Flip-flips and Logic Gates • Transistors • We can work with any of the layers without knowing how the lower layers work.

  4. Hardware Hierarchy • From Highest to Lower • Computer System: Monitor, keyboard, “black box” • Integrated Circuit: CPU, Memory system • Chip Level: ALU, Registers, Cache, RAM • Flip-flops, Multiplexers, Decoders, Adders • NOT-gate, AND-gate, NAND-gates, OR-gates, NOR-gate • MOSFET Transistors, NPN-Transistors, PNP-Transistors • Again, we can work with any layers without worrying about the lower layers.

  5. Some more Hierarchy • Again, from highest to lower • Internet • LAN, PAN • Computer Systems • Moving on to Computer Architectures...

  6. Computer Architectures • Computer Architectures is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system -Wikipedia • Deals with the Integrated Circuit and Chip Level layers of the Hardware Hierarchy • Mainly focuses on how the CPU interact with other parts of the computer, such as accessing main memory or interfacing with peripheral hardwares • Ultimate goal is to increase performance

  7. Subcategories of Comp. Arch. • Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Provide a set of language structure and data type • Ex. x86 • Will not be discussed since this is cover in CS47 • Micro-architecture: Describes how multiplexers, decoders, adders, transistors, etc interact with each others. The ISA will be depended on Micro-arch is designed. • System Design: Describes how all the hardwares are connected to each other (e.g. buses, memory controller, etc)

  8. Micro-architecture • Describes how multiplexers, decoders, etc are connected to each other.

  9. 2-Bit ALU

  10. A Simple Logic Board

  11. System Design • System Design: Describes how all the hardwares are connected to each other • Components: Functional Units and Interconnections • Functional Units: CPU, I/O devices • Interconnections: Buses, Motherboard, Bridges

  12. Terms • Motherboard: The main circuit board that contains the CPU and the buses • Bus: A common pathway that connects a number of devices • Bridge: A pathway that connects the buses • Northbridge: AKA Memory control hub, connects the CPU to main memory and GPU(Video cards). This is on the motherboard. • Southbridge: AKA I/O Control hub, connects the Northbridge to Power management, PCI bus I/O devices such as USB, and other devices

  13. Simple System Design

  14. Non-Bridged System Design

  15. A Graphic-Centric Design

  16. 17-inch MacBook Pro

  17. Source • http://developer.apple.com/documentation/HardwareDrivers/Conceptual/17inMacBookPro_0706/Articles/17inMacBookProArch.html • http://www.ixbt.com/mainboard/images/nforce700i/750i-sli-block.png • http://research.microsoft.com/~rcutler/pub/FRAME/Developing_Real-Time_Apps_files/image003.jpg • http://www.xbitlabs.com/images/cpu/pentium4-1400/chipset-scheme.jpg • http://www.wikipedia.com

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