USAID and IPM

1. USAID and IPM A history of support and advocacy

2. A classic history • We have come a long way since 1959 when Professor Ray Smith and his colleagues published their seminal paper that led to the concept of IPM -- ‘The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid. The Integrated Control Concept’. Hilgardia 29:81-101.

3. USAID has played a key role in helping to globalize IPM • Ray Smith and his colleagues were able to move quickly to implement Integrated Control Methods more broadly because of strong financial support of USAID, • To help establish the Univ. of Calif. Pest Management and Related Environmental Protection Project, and building on that, to • To establish the Consortium for International Crop Protection – CICP • Through Title XII, to establish and fund the IPM CRSP and its global and regional programs.

4. Global IPM • Its overarching global relevance, • To address and solve problems at all levels - global, regional, continental, on-farm, or anywhere in the food chains and/or marketing chains. • Its outcomes and impacts and their sustainability • Its dependence on participatory research to deal with existing ecological conditions, including differing farm and natural resource circumstances.

5. The CGIAR System-wide IPM Program Dr. Nyle Brady, when he was Deputy Administrator of USAID, worked hard to bring about global efforts in IPM by CGIAR centers and scientists. This effort, which began with interested persons and IARCs, has become a world-wide effort involving the Centers and their partners. USAID funds have helped in its development.

6. The CGIAR SP-IPM • An Inter-Center Working Group on IPM • Projects (Whiteflies, whitefly transmitted viruses, Farmer Participatory Research) • Task Forces (Grain legume pests, Parasitic weeds, Soil biota, Impact Assessment, Quantifying losses, Biotech for IPM, Farmer PIPM research)

7. SP-IPM Pilot Sites Initiative • East Africa: Mid-altitudes in Kenya • North Africa: Irrigated ecologies in Egypt • North Africa: Rain-fed ecologies in Morocco • West Africa: Guinea savanna in Nigeria • West Africa: Sahel in Mali and Burkino Faso • General facilitation: SP-IPM Sect., IITA

8. Database Development Because you cannot control (or manage) what you do not know • Databases on problem species, viruses, other pathogens, insects, birds, rats, weeds, or varieties of crops with little or no resistance to harmful pests……thus, • Databases of the world’s weeds have been assembled…a starting point for what lies ahead in controlling or managing them as field pests. • Some databases for other pests are in progress, some of them well along, while others are just getting started.

9. IPM Requires: continued • Knowledge of the biology of pests, both their weak and strong points, to find points of entry to control or reduce damage to manageable thresholds. • Knowing who else has, or has had, problems with the pest in question. • Finding partners to participate in identifying problems in the field, analyzing the problems, solving the problems, and applying solutions in an integrated, practical management system. • (Useful, effective, economic) control measures that work for farmers and other persons in the food chain.

10. Building awareness • USAID has helped to build awareness of pest problems, • And of the need to find ways to solve them, through science-based IPM. • Clearly the Agency should be recognized for its achievements in promoting IPM, • And it should be proud of its contributions.

11. Those of us working with the IPM CRSP • Need to tell our success stories, • The problems faced and overcome, • The people who worked to solve problems, • Impacts on farmers and producers • Impacts on markets • Impacts on consumers • The education process required for success

12. COLLAPSE: a new book by Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs and Steel. In Collapse, Diamond, a biological scientist who studies the rise and fall of societies and civilizations - tells of the cost of weeds in Montana, a western state of the USA. Experts estimate that weeds, but in particular, two weeds - spotted knapweed and leafy spurge, - cost Montana more than $100 million each year.‘Their presence reduces real estate values and farm productivity…further, they cannot be controlled by any single measure alone, but require complex integrated management systems….’

13. Diamond: Weeds in Montana, continued “The weeds force farmers to change many practices simultaneously; pulling, applying herbicides, changing fertilizer use, releasing insect and fungal enemies of weeds, lighting controlled fires, changing mowing schedules, and altering crop rotations and annual grazing practices. All that because a few small plants whose dangers were mostly unappreciated at the time, and some of whose seeds arrived unnoticed!”

14. Who is Jared Diamond? • He is a biological scientist, an ornithologist, who tries to understand the world around him, & causes and effects… • Including weeds in his adopted home state of Montana, • the impact of weeds on the Montana’s economy, • including changes in farm & ranch practices, in response.

15. Some Questions • There are many IPM sites on the Internet • Which of these are of use to you? • Which databases do you use? Occasionally? Frequently? Never? • What would globalization of IPM mean to you? What would you expect? How can we move more quickly to achieve effective globalization?

16. The new IPM CRSP In the new phase of the IPM CRSP, we have both global and regional efforts; 1.Global problems • Invasive species • Insect Transmitted viruses • Information Management & Database Development 2. Regional problems • Regional Diagnostic Laboratories • West Africa • East Africa • Central Asia • South Asia • Southeast Asia • Latin America and the Caribbean

17. The World Bank’s IPM Strategy • Promote environmentally sustainable pest management systems by encouraging more efficient use of farm inputs and reduction of post-harvest losses, partly through demand-driven extension services.

18. IPM and markets • We know now that IPM can have large impacts on marketing of farm produce. • That prior to export, pre-inspection can reduce refusals at ports of entry, • That consumers can be confident that foods have been safely grown, • And farmers can obtain higher prices for high quality produce.

19. Relations with the private sector • Discussions are needed on national and global food safety regulations, • On trade, • And on marketing and distribution of generic, less specific pesticides. • Especially needed is a pipeline of private sector R&D aimed at certain market segments and issues of certain IPM-types.