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Basic Chromatography

Learn about the key components and principles of basic gas chromatography, including carrier gas, sample valve, column, and detector. Understand peak area, retention time, and types of columns used in chromatography.

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Basic Chromatography

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  1. Basic Chromatography

  2. Basic Chromatography • A chromatograph is a computerized machine that analyzes hydrocarbons, chemicals, and permanent gases. • During one analysis cycle a lot of components are separated and analyzed individually • The information from the chromatograph includes the mole percent or liquid volume percent of the components and/or parts per million of the components that make up the sample. • The goal of an online process gas chromatograph is to supply quantitative and qualitative information. • The information is used to not only monitor and control the process but to optimize its use of energy, time and raw materials. • PGC ( Process GC ) : Online but discontinous

  3. Basic Chromatography • Carrier Gas • Carrier Regulator • Sample Valve • Column • Detector • Sample Conditioning Systems • System Controller A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts:

  4. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Carrier Gas Carries the sample through the column and detector to an atmospheric vent. Sample In Carrier Gas Column SV Sense Atmos Vents Carrier Regulator Ref. Sample out

  5. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Carrier Regulator Maintains a constant pressure of carrier gas which results in a constant carrier flow rate. Sample In Carrier Gas Column SV Sense Atmos Vents Carrier Regulator Ref. Sample out

  6. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Sample Valve Injects a measured amount of sample. Sample In Carrier Gas Column SV Sense Atmos Vents Carrier Regulator Ref. Sample out

  7. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Column Separates the sample into individual components. Sample In Carrier Gas Column SV Sense Atmos Vents Carrier Regulator Ref. Sample out

  8. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Detector Senses the individual components as they elute off the column. Sample In Carrier Gas Column SV Sense Atmos Vents Carrier Regulator Ref. Sample out

  9. G2 Basic Chromatography • Gas Chromatogram: • The trace of the detector signal drawn on a recorder. Reset SSO CV1 G4 BAL G1 SV1 G2 G3 SV1 SSO G4 G1 G3

  10. Basic Chromatography • Peak area is directly proportional to the concentration of the component. Peak Area / Response Factor = Concentration of the Component • Retention time for each component is always the same. Retention time is the time from sample inject tothe top of the peak. Two Important laws in chromatography

  11. Basic Chromatography Retention time:

  12. Basic Chromatography Three things that can cause the retention time of the peak to change. • Change in carrier flow rate. • Change in oven temperature • Degrading columns

  13. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Column Sample In Carrier Gas Column SV Sense Atmos Vents Carrier Regulator Ref. Sample out

  14. Basic Chromatography Separation on column

  15. Basic Chromatography Types of columns

  16. Basic Chromatography Packed Column Material Liquid Coating Support

  17. Basic Chromatography Packed Column - Principal operation

  18. Basic Chromatography • A basic Gas Chromatograph (GC) consists of the following parts: • Column Column Hydrocarbon To detector Path through column

  19. Basic Chromatography • Non-Polar columns This coating is usually some type of oil. These liquid phases separate components by boiling points. • C1 - Methane • C2 - Ethane • C3 - Propane • IC4 - Iso-butane • NC4 - Normal Butane • IC5 - Iso-pentane • NC5 - Normal pentane • C6+ - Hexane and heavier

  20. Basic Chromatography • Polar ColumnsA liquid coating that acts much like a magnet. The more polar the column the longer the components stay in the column.

  21. Basic Chromatography • Adsorption ColumnsThese columns separate permanent gases and light hydrocarbons by molecular size.

  22. Basic Chromatography Capillary Column Material Glass Column Liquid Coating

  23. Basic Chromatography Capillary Columns • Advantages: • lower temperatures • faster • more inert • better separation • longer life • lower carrier gas consumption • more stable at higher temperatures

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