Inventors/Innovations

1. Inventors/Innovations O. Identify major innovations and contributions by James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, and Thomas Edison

2. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

3. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

4. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

5. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” • The process of inventing never ends • One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

6. The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

7. The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

8. Bessemer Process and Steel • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult to produce and expensive • Henry Bessemer, 1856 • Developed the Bessemer process • Brought on the “Age of Steel” • Steel is the most important metal used over the past 150+ years • Other improvements in steel production • Open-hearth furnace • Electric furnace • Use of other metals to produce various types of steel

9. Transportation • Before the Industrial Revolution • Canal barges pulled by mules • Ships powered by sails • Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages • After the Industrial Revolution • Trains • Steamships • Trolleys • Automobiles

10. Louis Pasteur & Germ Theory

11. Beliefs about disease in19th Century • People knew there was a link between dirt and disease, but could not explain the link. • People explained disease as seeds bad seeds in the air known as miasma. • 1850s &1860s breakthrough in the cause of disease.

12. Louis Pasteur’s germ theory • Old Theory: spontaneous generation • micro-organisms are the result of decaying matter. • New Theory: germ theory • micro-organisms cause decaying matter. • Pasteur showed you could kill the micro-organisms by applying heat - PASTEURISATION.

13. Proving the link between bacteria and human disease. • Pasteur never showed the link between bacteria and human disease. • This was left to Robert Koch

14. Transportation Revolution

15. Macadamized Roads • Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and John McAdam • Improvement over dirt and gravel roads • Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface that supports heavy loads without requiring a thick roadbed • Modern roads are macadamized roads, with tar added to limit the creation of dust

17. Communications Revolution

18. Printing Revolution • Printing – 1800-1830 • Iron printing press • Steam-driven press • Rotary press – 1870 • Invented by Richard Hoe • Printed both sides of a page at once • Linotype machine – 1884 • Invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler • A machine operator could create a “line of type” all at one go, rather than having to individually set each letter • Newspapers became much cheaper to produce • Cost of a newspaper plummeted • Number of newspapers increased

19. Thomas Alva EdisonThe Inventor By Tammi Austin www.kameraarkasi.org/light/mucitler/edison.htm www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/gilded/jb_gilded_edison_1)e.html www.ecubedengineering.com/exonumia.html

20. The Light Bulb The Light Bulb Edison began work on the light bulb in1877. This led to the 1st commercial light system; constructed in Manhattan. Edison gave the company his patents in exchange for large amounts of stock.