Rates of Reaction

1. Rates of Reaction Prentice-Hall Chapter 18.1

2. Objectives • Describe how to express the rate of a chemical reaction. • Identify four factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction.

3. The heat given off by the corrosion reaction of an iron-magnesium alloy with salt water can produce a hot meal.

4. Rate of Reaction In chemistry, the rate of chemical change, or the reaction rate, is usually expressed as the amount of reactant changing per unit time. Key Idea

5. A rate is a measure of the speed of any change that occurs within an interval of time.

6. Rates of chemical reactions are often measured as a change in the number of moles during an interval of time.

7. Collision Theory According to collision theory, atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide with one another, provided that the colliding particles have enough kinetic energy.

8. Effective Collision

9. Ineffective Collision

10. The minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react is called the activation energy.

11. An activated complex is an unstable arrangement of atoms that forms momentarily at the peak of the activation-energy barrier. • The activated complex is sometimes called the transition state.

12. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates • Temperature • Concentration • Particle size • Use of a catalyst

13. Temperature Storing foods in a refrigerator keeps them fresh longer. Low temperatures slow microbial action.

14. Concentration a) In air, a lighted splint glows and soon goes out. b) When placed in pure oxygen (higher oxygen concentration), the splint bursts into flame.

15. Particle Size The minute size of the reactant particles (grain dust), and the mixture of the grain dust with oxygen in the air caused the reaction to be explosive, destroying the grain elevator.

16. Catalysts

17. An inhibitor is a substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst. • Antioxidants and antimicrobials used in drying fruits and preserving fruit juices slow the action of microbes and limit contact with air.

18. 1. The units below that would be appropriate to measure the rate of a chemical reaction is • mmol/s. • mol/L. • kJ/mol. • h/mol.

19. 1. The units below that would be appropriate to measure the rate of a chemical reaction is • mmol/s. • mol/L. • kJ/mol. • h/mol.

20. In a chemical reaction, the energy of • reactants is always • greater than the energy of the products. • more than the activation energy. • less than the activation energy. • d) less than the energy of the products.

21. In a chemical reaction, the energy of • reactants is always • greater than the energy of the products. • more than the activation energy. • less than the activation energy. • d) less than the energy of the products.

22. 3. An increase in which one of the following will NOT increase the reaction rate? • temperature • concentration of reactants • total mass of reactants • surface area of reactants

23. 3. An increase in which one of the following will NOT increase the reaction rate? • temperature • concentration of reactants • total mass of reactants • surface area of reactants

24. 4. A catalyst works because it • lowers the activation energy. • increases the temperature. • is permanently changed in a reaction. • supplies energy to a reaction.

25. 4. A catalyst works because it • lowers the activation energy. • increases the temperature. • is permanently changed in a reaction. • supplies energy to a reaction.