1 / 27

Edited by Morris Sherman MD BCh PhD FRCP(C) Associate Professor of Medicine

Edited by Morris Sherman MD BCh PhD FRCP(C) Associate Professor of Medicine University of Toronto. Protease Inhibitors in Chronic Hepatitis C: An Update Chapter 6 – Investigational Anti-HCV Drugs Beyond Boceprevir and Telaprevir. November 2012.

starr
Download Presentation

Edited by Morris Sherman MD BCh PhD FRCP(C) Associate Professor of Medicine

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Edited by Morris Sherman MD BCh PhD FRCP(C) Associate Professor of Medicine University of Toronto Protease Inhibitors in Chronic Hepatitis C:An Update Chapter 6 – Investigational Anti-HCV Drugs Beyond Boceprevir and Telaprevir November 2012

  2. Investigational Anti-HCV Drugs Beyond Boceprevir and Telaprevir Stephen D. Shafran MD, FRCPC, FACP Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine University of Alberta

  3. Investigational Drugs for HCV with Activity in Humans Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) Non-DAAs Peginterferon lambda (IFN-) Tarabivirin Pro drug of ribavirin Higher ratio of liver to RBC distribution than RBV Less anemia than with RBV Silibinin (milk thistle extract, IV formulation) Cyclophilin inhibitors (eg. Alisporivir*) * Development on hold due to cases of pancreatitis

  4. Pegylated Interferon Lambda IFN- (a type III interferon) receptors are expressed in hepatocytes but in fewer other cells than IFN-a(a type I interferon). In a phase-IIa trial in treatment-naïve patients, pegIFN- 120-180 μg weekly + RBV resulted in similar or higher virologic responses at weeks 4 and 12 vs. pegIFNa-2a + RBV with less toxicity.1 1. Muir A et al. AASLD 2010. Abstract 821

  5. EMERGE: PegIFN-λ/RBV vs. PegIFNa-2a/RBV Wk 24: GT 2 or 3 Wk 48: GT 1 or 4 PegIFNa-2a 180 μg/wk + RBV (n=133) PegIFN-l 120 μg/wk + RBV (n=128) Treatment naïve patients with genotype 1-4 HCV infection (n=526) PegIFN-l 180 μg/wk + RBV (n=131) PegIFN-l 240 μg/wk + RBV (n=134) Zeuzem S et al. EASL 2011. Abstract 1360

  6. EMERGE: PegIFN-l/RBV vs. PegIFNa-2a/RBV: Preliminary Results to Week 12 * p<0.05 compared with PegIFNa-2a Zeuzem S et al. EASL 2011. Abstract 1360

  7. EMERGE: PegIFN-l/RBV vs. PegIFNa-2a/RBV: Efficacy and Safety in Genotypes 2 & 3 100 75.9 80 65.5 60.0 53.3 60 SVR24 (%) 40 20 30 29 29 30 N = 0 Alfa180 µg Lambda120 µg Lambda180 µg Lambda240 µg • Fewer hematologic AEs and ALT/AST elevations with pegIFN-l • SVR rates comparable in pegIFN-l arm vs. pegIFNa-2a • PegIFN-l 180 μg dosage chosen for phase III trials Zeuzem S et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 10

  8. Proteins encoded by the HCV genome: Three validated targets and four classes of DAAs 1 2 3 C E1 E2 p7 NS2 NS3 NS4A NS4B NS5A NS5B Core Envelope Glycoproteins Protease Serine Protease Serine Protease Cofactor RNA binding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Helicase NS5A inhibitors NS3-4A protease inhibitors NS5B polymerase inhibitors 2 1 Nucleoside analogs Non-nucleoside analogs 3 4 5’ UTR region 9.6 kb RNA 3’ UTR region Polyprotein C E1 E2 p7 NS2 NS3 4A NS4B NS5A NS5B Polyprotein Polyprotein processing Adapted from Asselah T et al. Liver International 2011; 31 Suppl 1:68-77

  9. HCV NS3/NS4A Protease Inhibitors (1) Inhibit cleavage of viral polyprotein chain, essential to HCV replication. Very active against genotype (GT) 1. A single nucleotide mutation in the NS3 region (R155K) results in resistance in GT 1a, but two mutations are required for resistance in GT 1b. Some have activity against non-1 genotypes, but very little clinical data exist. “First generation” NS3 PIs (boceprevir and telaprevir) are linear ketoamides and are associated with anemia; “Second generation” NS3 PIs are macrocyclic and are not associated with anemia.

  10. HCV NS3/NS4A Protease Inhibitors (2) The two most developed after BOC/TVR are simeprevir(TMC-435)1 and faldaprevir (BI-201335)2. Both are in fully enrolled phase 3 clinical trials vs. dual PegIFN + RBV controls; results are expected in early 2013. Simeprevir and faldaprevir are dosed once daily (150 and 120 mg, respectively) and do not produce additive anemia beyond PegIFN + RBV. Simeprevir is associated with some increase in bilirubin due to reversible inhibition of OATP1B1 and MRP2 transporters. Faldaprevir inhibits glucuronyl transferase and can cause a Gilbert’s like syndrome (similar to the HIV protease inhibitor, atazanavir). Faldaprevir is also associated with rash and photosensitivity. 1. Fried MW et al. AASLD 2010. Abstract LB-5 2. Sulkowski M et al. EASL 2011. Abstracts 60 and 66

  11. HCV NS3/NS4A Protease Inhibitors (3) Two NS3 PIs (danoprevir1 and ABT-4502) are being developed for administration with low dose ritonavir. Ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4; ritonavir increases exposure of drugs metabolized principally via CYP3A4. Other NS3 PIs are under development, including asunaprevir (BMS-650032), MK-5172, GS-9451, sovaprevir (ACH-1625), whereas the development of several others has been terminated. 1. Rouzier R et al. EASL 2011. Abstract 62 2. Lawitz E et al. EASL 2011. Abstract 1220

  12. HCV NS5A Inhibitors • NS5A is a protein with no known enzymatic function, but a definite, yet poorly defined role in viral replication. • NS5A inhibitors are very potent and pangenotypic in the replicon system1. They are significantly more active vs. genotype 1b than genotype 1a. • Daclatasvir, the most developed NS5A inhibitor, is given once daily, and is in phase 3 in treatment naïve patients with genotypes 1 and 4, and in phase 2 for genotypes 2 and 3, and for genotype 1 in the HIV co-infected. • NS5A inhibitors in phase 2 are ABT-267 and GS-5885 • NS5A inhibitors have no “signature” toxicity to date2. 1. Gao M et al. Nature 2010; 465:96-100 2. Pol S et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12(9):671-7

  13. Antiviral Activity of Daclatasvir in Combination with PegIFN2a + RBV in Treatment of Naïve Patientswith Chronic HCV Genotype 1 Infection Week 72 Day 1 Week 48 Placebo +PegIFN-2a 180 µg/wk + RBV 1000/1200 mg/d SVR 24 Daclatasvir3 mg QD +PegIFN-2a 180 µg/wk + RBV 1000/1200 mg/d Treatment naïve HCV GT1 patients n=48 Daclatasvir10 mg QD +PegIFN-2a 180 µg/wk + RBV 1000/1200 mg/d Daclatasvir60 mg QD + PegIFN-2a 180 µg/wk + RBV 1000/1200 mg/d Pol S et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12(9):671-7

  14. Daclatasvir (DCV) with PegIFN-2a + RBV:Virologic Response at Weeks 4, 12 & SVR (ITT) PR PR + DCV 3 mg PR + DCV 10 mg PR + DCV 60 mg 100 92 83 83 83 83 83 80 58 60 Percent HCV RNA negative (<10 IU/mL by Roche TaqMan) 42 42 42 40 25 20 8 0 RVR cEVR SVR (24) 12 patients per treatment arm; the 60 mg QD dose was selected for phase 3 Pol S et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12(9):671-7

  15. HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors NS5B is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, responsible for viral RNA synthesis The viral polymerase is the “classic” target for antiviral drugs (eg. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase in HSV and VZV or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase [reverse transcriptase] in HIV and HBV) As with HIV RT inhibitors, there are two subtypes of NS5B inhibitors, Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues Act as RNA chain terminators High barrier to resistance Pan-genotypic Non-nucleoside inhibitors Least potent class of DAA Low barrier to resistance

  16. HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors:Drugs with Antiviral Activity in Humans Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues Mericitabine (RG-7128) Sofosbuvir (GS-7977/ PSI-7977) VX-135 (ALS-2200) Non-nucleoside inhibitors Tegobuvir (GS-9190) Setrobuvir (ANA-598) ABT-333 (lead Abbott NNI) ABT-072 (back-up Abbott NNI) VX-222 BI-207127

  17. IFN-Free, All Oral Regimens with SVR Data • As of October 2012, 5 pharmaceutical companies have presented pilot data demonstrating that SVR can be achieved in small numbers of patients. • The majority of IFN-free regimens to date continue to include ribavirin. • Only one study to date has included patients with cirrhosis (SOUND C-2). • The most common combination of agents in IFN-free regimens for genotype 1 has been a 3-drug combination of a NS3 PI, a NS5B non-nucleoside (NN) inhibitor and ribavirin. • For GT 2 & 3, IFN-free regimens demonstrating SVR are sofosbuvir with either RBV or daclatasvir.

  18. IFN Free SVR: The Very First Report (Daclatasvir + Asunaprevir in GT1 Prior Null Responders) Daclatasvir+asunaprevir Follow-up 7 6 5 HCV RNA (log10 IU/mL) 4 3 2 LLOQ LLOD 1 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 PT4 PT8 PT12 PT24 PT36 PT48 Week • SVR was achieved in 2/9 GT 1a and 2/2 GT 1b prior null responders to PRwith 24 weeks of DCV + ASV (all enrolled patients were non-cirrhotic) • On therapy breakthrough was common in GT 1a Lok AS et al. EASL 2011; NEJM 2012;366:216-24

  19. Dual Oral Therapy with Daclatasvir and Asunaprevir x 24 Weeks for HCV GT1b • Study conducted in Japan • All had genotype 1b • Treated with asunaprevir (NS3 PI) and daclatasvir (NS5A inhibitor) x 24 weeks Suzuki F, et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 14

  20. PILOT: NS3 PI + NN + RBV:Virologic Responses 100 100 100 91 91 82 80 HCV RNA Negative (%) 60 40 20 n/N 11/11 11/11 10/11 10/11 9/11 0 SVR36 SVR24 Wk 4 (RVR) Wk 12 (EOT) SVR12 • n = 11, HCV GT1, treatment-naïve, non-cirrhotic; 8 GT1a, 3 GT 1b • Only IL-28B CC patients were enrolled, so that they would have a high probability of salvage with PegIFN + RBV in the event that all-oral therapy failed • All were treated with ABT-450/r 150/100 mg QD +ABT-072 400 mg QD + RBV 1000/1200 mg/d Lawitz E, et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 13

  21. CO-PILOT: NS3 PI + NN + RBV:Virologic Responses RVR eRVR SVR4 SVR12 100 95 95 93 93 90 90 79 79 77 80 59 60 HCV RNA negative (%) 47 47 40 20 0 ABT-450/r 250/100 mg QD+ ABT-333 + RBVTreatment naive (n = 19; 17 G1a, 2 G1b) ABT-450/r 150/100 mg QD+ ABT-333 + RBVTreatment naive(n = 14; 11 G1a, 3 G1b) ABT-450/r 150/100 mg QD+ ABT-333 + RBVPrior PR Non-responders*(n = 17; 16 G1a; 1 G1b) • Because of the favorable results in PILOT, CO-PILOT was open to all IL-28B genotypes and explored prior PR non-responders; • All had genotype 1 and were non-cirrhotic • In CO-PILOT, a different NS5B non-nucleoside inhibitor was used (ABT-333) than in PILOT (ABT-072) * 11 partial responders, 6 null responders Poordad F et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 1399

  22. INFORM-SVR: NS3 PI + Nucleoside + RBV in GT1: SVR12 by HCV Subtype and IL28BGenotype All (n = 64) GT1a (n = 43) GT1b (n = 21) 100 100 76 80 80 71 60 60 50 SVR12 (%) 44 41 40 40 32 27 26 25 20 20 n/N = 26/64 11/43 15/21 n/N = 6/19 4/15 2/4 20/45 7/28 13/17 0 0 Overall CC Non-CC IL28B Genotype • Data shown are patients treated with 24 weeks of mericitabine + danoprevir/r + ribavirin; all were treatment naïve and non-cirrhotic • SVR12 rates were encouraging in GT1b but disappointing in GT1a Gane E et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 1412

  23. SOUND-C2: NS3 PI + NN ± RBV:SVR12 by Study Arm 100 80 68 61 59 SVR12 (%) 56 60 39 40 20 n/N 49/80 48/81 43/77 53/78 18/46 0 TID16 wks+ RBV TID28 wks+ RBV TID40 wks+ RBV BID28 wks+ RBV TID28 wks (no RBV) BI 207127 Dosing • N=362; the largest IFN-free study to date • All had GT1 and were treatment naïve; 10% had cirrhosis • All received faldaprevir 120 mg QD + RBV 1000/1200 mg/d • Patients were randomized to 5 arms, 4 containing BI-207127, 600 mg TID (3 arms) or 600 mg BID (one arm) for 3 different durations • RBV-free arm was stopped prematurely due to high relapse rate Zeuzem S et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 101

  24. SOUND-C2 BID Dosing Arm: Higher SVR12 in Patients With GT1b or GT1a-IL28B CC SVR According to IL28Band HCV Subtype:BID 28 Wks + RBV (ITT) 100 84 82 75 80 60 SVR12 (%) 40 32 20 n/N = 7/22 6/8 31/37 9/11 0 1bCC 1anon-CC 1aCC 1bnon-CC HCV Subtype and IL28B Genotype • Boehringer Ingelheim has decided to undertake additional studies of this 3-drug regimen only in patients with GT1b and those with GT1a who are IL-28B CC Zeuzem S et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 101

  25. Sofosbuvir (GS-7977) • Nucleotide NS5B inhibitor • Once daily oral dosing with no food effect • No described toxicity to date • Pangenotypic • No virological breakthroughs reported to date • Studied in combination with RBV or daclatasvir or simeprevir* • In GT2 & 3, sofosbuvir + RBV x 12 weeks achieved SVR24 in 10/10 patients; sofosbuvir + RBV x 8 weeks achieved SVR12 in 10/10 patients (all non cirrhotic) • Two phase 3 RCTs are fully enrolled in GT2 & 3 (including cirrhotics); results expected EASL 2013 • FISSION: Treatment naïve patients randomized to sofosbuvir + RBV x 12 weeks vs. PegIFN + RBV x 24 weeks • FUSION: Treatment failure patients randomized to 12 wkvs. 16 wk of sofosbuvir + RBV * No data have been presented on sofosbuvir + simeprevir Gane E et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 1113

  26. Sofosbuvir + RBV x 12 Weeks:Results in GT1 Treatment Naïve Patients 1. Gane E et al. EASL 2012. Abstract 1113 2. Gilead Press Release, Apr 19, 2012 • In ELECTRON, 25/25 achieved EOT; 22/25 (88%) achieved SVR4 and 3/25 (12%) relapsed1 • In QUANTUM, 17/17 achieved EOT; 10/17 (59%) achieved SVR4, and 7/10 (41%) relapsed2 • CombinedELECTRON and QUANTUM SVR in GT1 naives is 32/42 (76%) • Only non-cirrhotic patients were enrolled in ELECTRON and QUANTUM • Future studies in GT1 will examine • Longer treatment durations of Sofosbuvir + RBV • The addition of a third antiviral drug

  27. The Canadian Liver Foundation (CLF) was the first organization in the world devoted to providing support for research and education into the causes, diagnoses, prevention and treatment of all liver disease. Through its chapters across the country, the CLF strives to promote liver health, improve public awareness and understanding of liver disease, raise funds for research and provide support to individuals affected by liver disease. For more information visit www.liver.ca or call 1-800-563-5483. This project made possible through the financial support of Merck Canada Inc. The views, information and opinions contained herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Merck Canada Inc. The Canadian Liver Foundation gratefully acknowledges the participating health care professionals for their contributions to this project and for their commitment to the liver health of Canadians.

More Related