Tudor England

1. Tudor England

2. The Tudors • Henry VII (Henry Tudor) won the War of the Roses • Henry VIII, son of Henry VII • Sought male heir to throne • Broke Church of England from Rome in 1534 • Seized property of the monasteries • Edward VI changed doctrine of church to truly protestant • Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII by Spanish Catherine of Aragon (preceded by Lady Jane Gray, somewhat queen for 9 days!) • Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn Henry VIII and his wives

3. Mary I (r. 1553-1558) • Devoutly Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon • Tried to re-Catholicize England by repealing changes wrought by Edward VI • 300 Protestants were burned as heretics: “Bloody Mary” • 1554: Married Philip II of Spain (only nominally king of England) • Policies created strong anti-Catholic sentiment in England

4. Elizabeth I: Political “Politique” • First successful female monarch in Europe: highly educated, fluent in English, French, Italian, Latin, Greek • Her religion unclear, but nominally Church of England • Unmarried virgin queen, loved Robert Dudley; believed national duty outweighed personal desires • Used possibility of marriage diplomatically • Moderation created English Renaissance, age of Shakespeare, Johnson, Marlowe • Insisted on beautiful images of her self to portray power; loved by common people • Selected able ministers to guide her (William Cecil), but maintained her own power Coronation Portrait

5. Painting that is rumored to show Elizabeth and Dudley

6. Elizabeth: Solidified English Church • State church, with theology determined by monarch through Parliament • All subjects obliged to belong to it • Retained physical possessions and organization of the medieval church • Protestant in practice: English-language worship, married clergy • “Thirty-nine Articles” defined the church’s doctrines rather vaguely The “ermine portrait”

7. Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots • MQS, daughter of Marie de Guise and Scotland’s James V • French-raised wife of Francis II of France during French Religious Wars • MQS became focus of intrigue between England, France, Spain, and rebellious Low Countries • Devoutly Catholic, with clear right to Scottish throne; next-in-line to English throne after Elizabeth • Spain wanted to use Netherlands as base to attack England, seat Mary on throne • After several plots against Elizabeth, Mary was placed under house arrest in London • Executed 1587: death in part caused Philip II to launch Armada • Treaty of Berwick: Elizabeth allied with Scotland and unofficially named James VI as heir

8. Elizabeth and the Spanish Armada • English ships (Sir Francis Drake) plundered Spanish ships returning from America • England supported anti-Spanish forces in Netherlands • Mary Queen of Scots executed on eve of Spanish attack • Drake burnt Spanish ships in Spanish port of Cadiz • Armada sailed, first en route to Netherlands, before planned invasion of England • 125 ships. 30,000 men • Smaller, more agile English ships defeated lumbering Spanish galleons one at a time • “Protestant Wind” drove Armada northward into terrifying Scottish seas, shipwrecks The “Armada Portrait” commemorates the English victory (see ships in background)

9. Political Consolidation • Long reign provided stability after chaotic short reigns of Edward and Mary • Unification of church behind moderate views led to peaceful stability • Defeat of the Catholic “northern earls” safeguarded reign • Financial support of Dutch rebels weakened Spain