World Peace and Other Aspects of Particle Physics

1. World Peace and Other Aspects of Particle Physics T.I. Meyer | Chief Operating Officer 20 Aug 2014 | Fermilab Colloquium

2. Context • People with opinions just go around bothering one another. • Buddha • Science is a wonderful thing if one doesn’t have to earn one’s living at it. • Einstein • Physics is not religion. If it were, we’d have a much easier time raising money. • Leon Lederman

3. Agenda • The Case for Science • The Value of Particle Physics • International, Round 1 • Fermilab & Neutrinos • International, Round 2 • Outlook

4. What is Science? • What is science… • … as a way of thinking? • … as a way of communicating? • … as a way of experiencing the world? • ... as a way of learning about the world? • British Science Council said: • “Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.” • Homework: What is research? What is development?

5. Why? • Many of us agree that science is valuable…but why? • Why is science important to our society? • Why is it publicly funded (at all)? • If science is an intellectual/cultural pursuit that “enriches us,” • Why does the U.S. spend more public funds on science & technology than the performing & visual arts?

6. Assertions (i.e., never fully proven) • Science drives benefits in multiple sectors &at multiple scales • These benefits are of broad and shared value • These benefits take “unusual” time & effort to develop or accrue • Generally agreed that these benefits fall in three categories • Satisfy / fulfill human curiosity • Inspire / train the next generation • Create jobs / stimulate economic activity in medium and long-term

7. Ergo… • Conclusion • It is good public policy to support science with taxpayer funds so that the benefits & impacts are optimally generated---and captured---for society • This line of reasoning can create a sense of obligation or civic duty about sharing the benefits, progress, and story of science with the public

8. What distinguishes particle physics? • Its area of interest • Building blocks, interactions, space/matter, energy/time, … • Its techniques and approaches: ways of analysis • Statistics & data mining, theoretical models & experiment, large instruments & teams, … • Its value & contribution • Stretches technology in unusual fashion • And today’s thesis: its promotion of world peace

9. Tradition of international partnerships in particle physics • Founding of CERN in 1950s • Canada joins HERA at DESY… • …CDF/D0, ATLAS/CMS, and so on • Thousands of scientists and students from around the world pool talent & resources to attack compelling questions • Today’s recipe • Effective international collaboration means participation in the accelerator, the detector, and the computing – to share in the physics • Particle physics has enjoyed its reputation as one of the founding disciplines for “science diplomacy”

10. Science diplomacy • “Science diplomacy is the use of scientific collaborations among nations to address common problems and to build constructive international partnerships. Many experts and groups use a variety of definitions for science diplomacy. However, science diplomacy has become an umbrella term to describe a number of formal or informal technical, research-based, academic or engineering exchanges.” • Wikipedia • U.S. president John F. Kennedy established formal S&T cooperation agreement with Japan in 1961 following appeals to repair the “broken dialogue” between the two countries • That agreement helped grow the tenuous relationship beyond just security concerns. • In the 1970s, Henry Kissinger took science initiatives to his meetings with China • In 1979, when official diplomatic ties were established between China and the U.S., science played a big role in the shaping of renewed efforts. • SESAME – particle physics & “light-source” science creating a platform for peaceful cooperation in the Middle East

11. But…is this model still working? • The driver for international partnerships has been two-fold • Using common language of science, share the physics and build relationships among countries & cultures • Affordability: need to pool resources & talents -- not everyone can build a particle-physics experiment on their own • But the WAY in which we think “international” is evolving under strain • SSC, KAON, ITER? • Global Design Effort for ILC (now LC, but used to be NLC, JLC) • Increased pressure for coordinated planning…and investment • The world can have only “one” of each multi-billion-dollar project • Which ones? Where? In what order?

12. A lot of thinking has been going on about this… • U.S. National Academies decadal plan for particle physics (2006) • (I acknowledge this as an immodest self-reference) • “‘Science is a global enterprise in which the United States must participate, for its own benefit and for that of the world.’ … That is, to remain competitive, the United States must seek collaborations that confer mutualadvantage.” • “The [U.S.] nation can benefit by developing ‘mutual gain’ policies. Doing so requires a fundamental change in global strategy. The United States should move away from an almost certainly futile attempt to maintain dominance and toward an approach in which leadership comes from developing and brokering mutual gains among equal partners….It comes not from self-sufficiency or maintaining a monopoly but from being a valued collaborator at various levels in the international system.” Writing this sentence is what had me sent to Canada…

13. “Dinner party” models for international partnership • Buffet • We prepare and serve; you come and eat • Set menu • We’re cooking this; what part can you bring? • Potluck • Let’s have dinner; I’ll bring this, you bring something that goes with it • Dinner time • Are you hungry? Want to have dinner together? • What should we have & who else can we invite? Traditional Post-modern

14. (2013 Update of the) European Strategy for Particle Physics • Of the first six recommendations, four take an explicit position on how to think & plan globally • “[The] scale of the facilities required by particle physics is resulting in the globalisation of the field. The European Strategy takes into account the worldwide particle physics landscape…” • “CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positron high-energy frontier machines.” • “[The] initiative from the Japanese particle physics community to host the ILC in Japan is most welcome, and European groups are eager to participate. Europe looks forward to a proposal from Japan to discuss a possible participation.” • “CERN should develop a neutrino programme to pave the way for a substantial European role in future long-baseline experiments. Europe should explore the possibility of major participation in leading long-baseline neutrino projects in the US and Japan.”

15. Detour

16. Rewind/Zoom Out: Broader Context • U.S. particle physics (still) at a crossroads • ~Half the community works on LHC at CERN • Tevatron at Fermilab has ceased operations • Higgs has been found; what’s next? • Faltering enthusiasm for decisive participation in “an” ILC • Public funds for research are squeezed more than ever • In 2013, U.S. Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) was charged with synthesizing community expressions of scientific opportunity (from Snowmass process) into a strategic plan that could be executed over a decade under several different budget scenarios • As nation’s primary lab for particle physics, Fermilab keen on P5 report

17. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) Fermilab is America's particle physics and accelerator laboratory. Our vision is to solve the mysteries of matter, energy, space and time for the benefit of all. We strive to: • lead the world in neutrino science with particle accelerators • lead the nation in the development of particle colliders and their use for scientific discovery • advance particle physics through measurements of the cosmos Our mission is to drive discovery by: • building and operating world-leading accelerator and detector facilities • performing pioneering research with national and global partners • developing new technologies for science that support U.S. industrial competitiveness

18. Obligatory aerial photo

19. Fermilab by the Numbers • Fermilab has 1,700 employeeson a 6,800 acre site with an annual operating budget of $350M-$400M • Making the lab open and available to scientists, students, and citizens across the country and around the world is a priority • 2,100 scientists visit from around the world • 40,000 K-12 students participate in activities at Fermilab or are visited in classrooms by Fermilab staff • 8,000 visitors took tours or visited Lederman Science Center • 1,000 college & university students involved in on-site programs or internships • Basic research advances the economy. In FY 2010: • Fermilab created 4,529 jobs in Illinois. • Fermilab generated $643 million of regional economic activity

20. Fermilab’s role in exposing the “quantum universe”

21. Neutrinos are abundant in our world

22. Neutrinos are different • Neutrinos are difficult to study because they interact with ordinary matter only through the weak interactions • Easilytravel through a light-year of lead • They have their own mixing, which may or may not have the same origins as quark mixing • Neutrinos oscillate a billion times slower than neutral mesons oscillate • 100 billion/sec pass through your thumbnail w/o a trace • Neutrinos created about 1 second after the Big Bang remain all around us today : 150 per cubic centimeter • More than any other matter particle in the universe

23. Neutrinos…curiouser and curiouser • The wide range of quark masses is puzzling • The top quark discovery was an exclamation mark on that • The ultra-tiny neutrino mass doesn’t fit the standard model • In fact we do not understand neutrinos mass, other than it has mass • The Higgs discovery has brought flavor and mass issues to the forefront • One future lies in better understanding neutrinos • Their mass ordering • The origin of their masses and why they are so small • Their interactions (CP Violation) • Their relationship to matter-antimatter asymmetry in universe (leptogenesis) and structure of the universe

24. Neutrino beams emerging as Fermilab core competency • Fermilab generates neutrino beams using two main beam lines • Booster Neutrino Beams (BNB) • Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI)

25. MINERvA Neutrinos m p How much energy is lost to C nucleus? m p How much of pion energy is lost in Fe nucleus? p Status: running in NuMI Run duration: 6x1020POT in n mode: 12x1020 POT in anti-nmode (FY18) Partnerships: U.S. universities: 13 International: 6 (5 from Latin America) Oscillation experiments (T2K, NOvA) Neutrino Event Generators (GENIE) Science goal: Measure neutrino interactions on various nuclei as input to oscillation experiments. Understand transition from free (n,p) to light (C, O) to heavy (Fe, Ar) nuclei Recent publications: n and anti-n quasi-elastic scattering, first n measurement of “EMC effect” Upcoming milestones: publications on p±and p0 production, Medium Energy data set soon to surpass Low Energy

26. MINOS+ Explore the Unknown, Neutrinos Status: Running in NuMI beam line, 2.5x1020 POT so far Run duration: Through shutdown 2016 (unless new physics) Partnerships DOE labs: FNAL, BNL, LANL U.S. universities: 15 International: 9 Science goal: Precision measurement of oscillation spectrum; sterile neutrino search; standard oscillation parameter measurements Recent publications: q13 measurement; PRL (2013); appearance and disappearance combined analysis; PRL (2014) Upcoming milestones: Complete refutation of all non-PMNS effects (or not!). Combination with NOnA on standard parameters

27. MicroBooNE Neutrinos TPC: $19.9M Status: CD-3 (Commissioning fall) Operations start: Jan 2015 Run duration: 3+ years Partnerships DOE labs: BNL, LANL, SLAC U.S. universities: 13 International: 3 countries, 5 institutes Science goal: Determine the nature of the MiniBooNE low energy excess of electron neutrinos Technical challenge: Operate a LArTPC with 2.5m drift, cold electronics, and purity without evacuation FY14 highlights: Completed construction of the TPC, electronics, and cryogenics

28. NOvA Neutrinos 7 m 7 m, 50 planes TPC: $278M Status: CD-4 Sep 2014 Operations start: Aug 2014 w/full det. Run duration: 6 years @ 700 kW Partnerships DOE labs: ANL U.S. universities: 19 International: 6 countries, 14 institutes Science goal: For different dCPranges: determine mass hierarchy, determine q23 octant, constrain allowed range of dCP. FY14 highlights: 14 kiloton far & 294 ton near detector assembly done, filled with 2.7 M gal liquid scintillator. Up & running!

29. Short-Baseline Neutrino Program Neutrinos MINOS NOvA Surface Bldg 600m – Far Detector MiniBooNE MicroBooNE Near Detector SciBooNE BNB Target TPC: ~$24M (DOE only) Status: July 23, 2014 Fermilab PAC Operations start: 2018 Run duration: 3+ years Partnerships DOE labs: LANL, BNL, SLAC U.S. universities: 17 International: 24 institutes (incl. CERN) Science goal: Search for sterile neutrinos; definitive resolution of LSND and MiniBooNE anomalies. Continue R&D on LAr-TPC technology aligned with LBNF. Technical challenge: Design and construct near detector in <3yrs, refurbish and transport T600. FY14 highlights: Prepare joint (LAr1-ND, MicroBooNE, ICARUS) design report for July FNAL PAC.

30. Next step: Highest-power neutrino beams • Every proton delivered to a target at Fermilab must be accelerated through 40-year-old Linac and Booster. • Fermilab’s Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) enables increased beam power to near & far experiments while providing a platform for the future. • Exploit superconducting RF to replace the Linac Performance Criteria • Deliver 1.2 MW of proton beam power at 120 GeV, with power approaching 1 MW at 60 GeV, at the start of LBNF operations • Provide a platform for eventual extension of beam power to LBNF to >2 MW • CD-0 planned for calendar 2015

31. End of Detour

32. U.S. P5 report on long-baseline neutrinos • “To address even the minimum requirements…the expertise and resources of the international neutrino community are needed. A change in approach is therefore required. The activity should be reformulated under the auspices of a new international collaboration, as an internationally coordinated and internationally funded program, with Fermilab as host. There should be international participation in defining the program’s scope and capabilities. The experiment should be designed, constructed, and operated by the international collaboration. The goal should be to achieve, and even exceed if physics eventually demands, the target requirements through the broadest possible international participation.”

33. P5 on neutrinos: “Reformulate under the auspices…” • This recommendation is perhaps the boldest and the most strategic element of the P5 vision • The U.S. can demonstrate leadership by convening international conversation to develop a mutually agreeable/shared program • The U.S. should consider itself as “host” to an internationally relevant “facility” (not just a collaborative experiment) • The global value of the facility should be based on aggressive and competitive neutrino-beam power at Fermilab • The program should coherently pursue the physics through both “short-baseline” and “long-baseline” approaches • The world community is taking its homework seriously

34. Long-Baseline Program Process (1) • June 16: CERN Science Policy Committee (SPC) presentation…US situation and plans post-P5 • Chairs of CERN Council & Finance Committee present • CERN Medium-Term Plan (MTP) approved…5 year plan with next year’s budget defined…$60M for neutrinos • Aimed at neutrino platform to assist with program in US • Investment in infrastructure outside CERN allowed • No funds for a CERN neutrino beam for at least 5 years • June 21-22: APPEC Paris meeting…European neutrino physicists & agencies met to discuss future post-MTP • World program represented • Strong support for accelerator-based neutrinos in US & Japan • Next meeting at Fermilab in spring

35. Long-Baseline Program Process (2) • July 14: U.S. DOE hosted a meeting at Fermilab of funding agencies….UK, Italy, CERN, India, Brazil, Japan • Governance discussion started • Project management (embed international components in Lehman-like process) • Launch steering committee to develop international PMP • July 21-22: “Neutrino Summit” hosted at Fermilab • Ken Long & Rob Roser, Co-Chairs • Confirm global interest and identify areas of agreement and areas for decision-making • Commit to formation of interim international Executive Board steering group along with framework for technical working groups

36. Long-Baseline Program Process (3) • July 23-25: Fermilab Physics Advisory Committee discussions of SBN + LBN programs; support iiEB approach and systematic inclusion of international partners • Sep 2014: expect first meeting of iiEB as well as informal draft of International Project Management Plan • Goals: • Form SBN collaboration to develop community, technology, and research as platform for LBN • Letter of intent for “competitive, long-baseline neutrino experiment using beams from Fermilab” submitted to PAC by early 2015 • List of authors/collaborators will form basis of new collaboration that joins together all willing partners

37. The Broader Future of Fermilab • Particle physics • “Explore the unknown” with muon physics • Platform for U.S. participation in LHC • Highest-power beams for world’s highest-priority accelerator-based neutrino experiments • Dark matter & dark energy • Accelerators • SC magnets & SRF cavities/cryomodules • Platform for U.S. developing role in ILC • Pioneer industrial engagement & tech. commercialization

38. Outlook (1) • Fermilab is committed to hosting the most competitive accelerator-based neutrino program for the world • “We propose to have an open discussion that entertains all views as to how best to design an international facility so that we optimize the physics outcome within agreed-upon constraints...” • We cannot begin the whole planning process over, and in fact, that would be foolish – don’t want to throw away hard work. • But for a new level of engagement & participation from other countries, substantive discussions have to place and we have to be willing to change our minds

39. Outlook (2) • Particle physics has the opportunity (again) to set the trend for international scientific partnership & participation • LBN provide an obvious opportunity b/c even without a formal, top-down global strategy, three regions of the world have identified it as a high priority effort • This will be a test case! • If we succeed, world peace is one step closer

40. Thank you to many who helped think through & assemble this talk