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CARE-ASAS Activity 3: ASM Time-Based Sequencing OHA

This CARE/ASAS activity aims to qualitatively assess the operational hazards of Time-Based Sequencing (TBS) procedures and identify safety-influencing factors. The workshop focuses on operational procedures, analysis of failure scenarios, and consolidation of risk mitigation measures.

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CARE-ASAS Activity 3: ASM Time-Based Sequencing OHA

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  1. CARE-ASAS Activity 3: ASMTime-Based Sequencing OHA CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  2. Objectives and tasks • Objectives: • Qualitative operational hazards assessment of Time-Based Sequencing (TBS) procedures • Identification of “safety-influencing factors” • R&D work, not definitive results • Tasks: • High-level description of operational procedures and CNS/ASAS functions based on TBS-OSED • Analysis of operational failure scenarios • Consolidation of risk mitigation measures CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  3. Phase(s) Operations No Process (or communications) Agent Process (or Communication) Input OP1 Process by controller and/or ATC tools P1.1 OP1.2 ATC Check for procedure (e.g. “Merge behind”) conditions of applicability Traffic information on CWP OP2 Process by flight crew and/or airborne systems P1.2 OP2.3 Flight deck Crosscheck of target aircraft position Target a/c position from ATC and information on ASAS display CO1 Communications from ground-to-air CO2 Communications from air-to-ground CO3 Communications from ground-to-ground ASAS operations description CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  4. Identified operational hazards • During TBS procedure initialisation: • Missing, delayed or incorrect initialisation preventing procedure execution (OH 1 to OH 5) • During TBS procedure execution: • Inappropriate, incorrect or misleading time-based sequencing by flight deck (OH 6 to OH 10) • Interaction with air traffic control and other aircraft operations (OH 11 to OH 13) • During TBS procedure ending: • Incorrect or abnormal end of the procedure (OH 14 to OH 16) • Multiple air/ground OHs during abnormal end of the procedure (OH 17,18) CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  5. Main OSED mitigations (1/3) • Time-based separation compatible with airborne separation minima (ASS/ENV 2) • Appropriate training of air traffic controllers and flight crews (ASS/OPS 1) • Appropriate flight crews’ tools and assistance (ASS/OPS 3) • At TBS procedure initialisation: • Positive identification of target aircraft (ASS/OPS 5) • Clear and unambiguous identification by air traffic controller and confirmation by flight crew • Applicability conditions of specific “Merge/Remain behind” clearance (ASS/OPS 9, 13): • Initial check by air traffic controller and validation by flight crew CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  6. Main OSED mitigations (2/3) • During TBS procedure execution: • Flight crew’s responsibilities: • Flight crew monitoring of separation from the selected target aircraft, using ASAS information (ASS/OPS 15 ) • ASAS alerting in case of a predicted loss of selected time-based separation, or airborne separation minima (ASS/SYS 8) • Air traffic controller’s responsibilities: • Provision of (ATC) separation between aircraft involved in TBS and other flights under control (ASS/OPS 17) • Provision of compatible instructions (and clearances) to both aircraft involved in TBS (ASS/OPS 18) CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  7. Main OSED mitigations (3/3) • At transfer between sectors: • Aircraft executing a TBS procedure contacts the receiving controller and announces the specific clearance he is complying with (ASS/OPS 20) • At TBS procedure ending: • Interruption either by flight crew or air traffic controller: • In case of system failure, or inappropriate target a/c configuration, compromising or forbidding procedure execution (ASS/OPS 24) • In case of unexpected a/c behaviour during procedure, or inappropriate traffic situation, particularly in case of radar vectoring (ASS/OPS 25) CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  8. Additional OHA mitigations (1/3) • At TBS procedure initiation, execution and ending: • Air traffic controller shall not initiate a TBS procedure when applicable separation minima is, or is about to be, lost (SR/OPS 3) • Flight-crew shall not (deviate from his flight path to) follow the target aircraft without controller clearance/instruction (SR/OPS 5) • In normal circumstances, time-based separation between aircraft at procedure ending shall be compatible with ATC separationminima (SR/OPS 11) • In case of abnormal end of TBS procedure, air traffic controller shall re-establish, if necessary and as far as practical, ATC separation minima (SR/OPS 16) CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  9. Additional OHA mitigations (2/3) • Misleading target aircraft identification during TBS procedure: (*) Only if airborne separation minima are lower than ATC separation minima • Detected loss of airborne separation between a/c involved in TBS procedure by Short-Term Conflict Alert (SR/SYS 2) OR • (*) Detected loss of (airborne) separation by flight crew of target aircraft (SR/OPS 8) OR • (*) Detected loss of (airborne) separation with aircraft distinct from selected target a/c by flight crew (SR/OPS 9) CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  10. Additional OHA mitigations (3/3) • Loss of air-ground communications: • In case of loss of airborne voice communications: • Air traffic controller shall move away target aircraft, if necessary (SR/OPS 20) • Flight-crewshall continue the last TBS clearancereceived, as far as practical (SR/OPS 21) • In case of loss ofground communications: • Flight-crews executing TBS procedures shall comply with last clearances received, as far as practical (SR/OPS 22) • May be safer than same OH in current environment CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  11. Other safety influencing factors (1/2) • Air & ground system performances: • Minimum TIS-B ground system performances, particularly in an ADS-B partial equipage environment (SR/SYS 1) • Minimum aircraft ADS-B, TIS-B and ASAS system performances (SR/SYS 3) • Minimum aircraft navigation system performances (SR/SYS 6) • To reduce likelihood of system-related OHs CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  12. Other safety influencing factors (2/2) • Air & ground environmental factors: • Not initiating TBS procedure during specific phases of flight with high workload inside the cockpit (REC/OPS 2) • Waiting for flight crew’s clearance acknowledgement prior to initiating a chain of aircraft (REC/OPS 8 ) • To reduce likelihood of TBS procedure interruption • Not assigning similar SSR codes to flows of traffic flying in the same airspace (REC/OPS 3 ) • To reduce likelihood of target aircraft misidentification CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

  13. Main OHA results OHs (18) with severity assignment&Safety influencing factors including OPS (59), SYS (28), ENV (4) with ASS (36), SR (30), REC (25) • Related to both ATC and flight deck operations (including air-ground communications) • Analysis of operational failure scenarios, with distinction between human and system errors CARE/ASAS Activity 3: ASM workshop Brétigny, 19 December 2001

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