Overview

2. Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Research Questions Methods Summary Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Overview

3. In the last few years: navigation systems gained more importance State of the art: Outdoor LBS: Car Navigation Systems: widely accepted Pedestrian Navigation Systems: rarely Indoor LBS: Museum Guides: rarely Exhibition Guides: rarely Disadvantages: Passive systems Update problems Not user-adaptive Multi-functional mobile device required Landmarks hardly integrated Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Introduction

4. Suggestion for improvement Combination of active and passive systems Integration of up-to-date information via active system Adaptivness to user Adaptiveness to the user‘s mobile device or to public displays Integration of landmarks Possible application areas: shopping centers complex office buildings Museums Airports train stations Conferences →different user situation with different requirements Solution: Ubiquitous Cartography Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Introduction

5. Latin: ubi = where Que = any, also, every ubique = everywhere German: Allgegenwart Existence or apparent existence everywhere at the same time; omnipresence Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Definition - Ubiquity

6. „in the near future great number of computers will be omnipresent in everyday life, that will be interconnected in a ubiquitous network“ „It is invisible, everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere.“ Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Definition – Ubiquitous Computing (UbiqComp) • First articulated by Mark Weiser, Technologist at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), in 1988

7. David Fairbairn: „technological and social development, made possible by mobile and wireless technologies that receives and presents, analyses and acts upon map data which is distributed to a user in a remote location“ „will revolutionise the way many people interact with maps“ „people in the field should be able to access location-dependent map data, customised to their own requirements and effectively rendered on their own mobile hardware“ Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Definition – Ubiquitous Cartography

8. Morita (2004): „includes not only map making but also map use and map communication considering the interaction between map, spatial image, and the real world“; „“ability for users to create and use maps in any place and at any time to resolve spatial problems“ Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Definition – Ubiquitous Mapping • Ota (2004): „the definition of ubiquitous mapping is that people can access any map at anywhere and anytime through the information network“

9. State of the art: Literature on UbiCarto scarce (only definitions, currently no solutions) Revolutionary approach to LBS Idea: expand (subsitute?) systems with ubiquitous methods avoid overload of information Guide user: aware (at decision points) and almost unaware (as ensurance) Provide additional information User friendliness Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary

10. A combination of active and passive systems with various presentation forms supports the wayfinding process in indoor environments Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Hypothesis

11. How can we model the navigation behaviour of visitors in unfamiliar buildings? Which technical requirements (devices, interfaces, ranges,…) do we demand for a ubiquitous indoor navigation system? Which types of objects can serve as indoor landmarks? Which cartographic communication techniques are demanded? Which are applicable? How can we combine indoor and outdoor ubiquitous cartography? Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Research Questions

12. extensive human-subject-testing Navigation and routing behaviour of different users (strolling-, planning-, convenient type) Navigation and routing behaviour in different environments (shopping center, office building, museum, airport,…) Additional tips and advices that could help decision making and influence route planning (bargains in shopping centers, departure times at airport, lunch break time of friend) Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Methods • Monitoring the navigation behavior of pedestrians inside of buildings

13. Analysis of technical requirements for ubiquitous indoor systems Devices (cell phone, PDA, tablet PC, public display,…) Display (resolution, colour) 3D graphics engine Java/Flash/SVG compatability Camera Memory Internet Compass … Transfer rates Range Density Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Methods

14. Specification of Indoor Landmarks Individual interrogation of volunteers (describe indoor path, e.g.: to office, shop in shopping center, picture in museum) Categorise landmarks Outstanding LMs (special paintings, trees, wall paintings,…) Unobtrusive LMs (litter bin, fire extinguisher, information board, elevator, publich ash tray,…) Emotional LMs (favourite shop in shopping center, office of a friend,…) Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Methods

15. Adaptation of floor plans, 3D-models, sound, text, photographs, videos and VRML to indoor environments Specification of indoor presentation forms to different transmission techniques, scenarios and users Ontology for combination of active and passive elements (adaptive) Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Methods • Analysis and development of cartographic methods for ubiquitous indoor route communication

16. Combination of indoor and outdoor systems Seamless change of route presentation Integration of previously used outdoor visualisation in entrance area of building (and vice versa) > same scale during switch Suitability test of samples in survey Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Methods

17. Current navigation systems: passive Ubiquitous Cartography: smart, interconnected network active Location dependent map data customised to requirements of user Indoor navigation: relatively new Ubiquitous indoor navigation: brand new →new field of research, many open questions Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary Summary

18. Thank you for your attention Introduction Definitions Hypothesis Methods Summary