2600 B.C.

1. CHAPTER 1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. Time Line First hominids appear in Africa. City of Ur flourishes in Sumer. 1,600,000 B.C. 4,000,000 B.C. 8000 B.C.. 2600 B.C. Homo erectus appears. Neolithic Age begins; first agriculture takes place 2500 B.C. 4,000,000 B.C. 40,000 B.C.. 2,500,000 B.C.. 3000 B.C. Paleolithic Age begins Cro-Magnons appear Bronze Age begins in Mesopotamia.

2. 1 1 Section Assessment Australopithecines Homo erectus Neanderthals Cro-Magnons Human Origins in Africa 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the advances, discoveries, and inventions of hominids. Upright walking, opposable thumb Toolmaking, mastery of fire, language Burial rights, care of their disabled, building of shelters Advanced hunting and language skills

3. PRE-HISTORY PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC SOCIETIES TO THE RISE OF CITIES

4. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY • The Hominids • Australopithecus • Appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago • Walked upright on two legs, well-developed hands • Fashioned stone tools, probably knew how to use fire later • Homo erectus • Flourished 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago, east Africa • Large brain, sophisticated tools, definitely knew how to control fire • Developed language skills in well-coordinated hunts of large animals • Migrations of Homo erectus • First migrated to north Africa • Between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago migrated to Asia and Europe

5. PALEOLITHIC AGE • Homo sapiens • Evolved as early as 250,000 years ago • Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought • The advantages of intelligence over other species • Migrations of Homo sapiens • Beginning more than 100,000 years ago, spread throughout Eurasia • Several ice ages between 120 and 25 thousand years ago • Land bridges enabled them to populate Indonesia and New Guinea • Arrived in Australia between 60,000 and 120,000 years ago • Between 40,000 and 25,000 years ago, migrated to North America • The natural environment • Homo sapiens used knives, spears, bows, and arrows • Brought tremendous pressure on other species

6. PALEOLITHIC CULTURE • Neandertal peoples • Named after the site of the Neander valley in S.W. Germany • Flourished in Europe and S.W. Asia between 100 and 35 thousand years ago • Careful, deliberate burials-evidence of a capacity for emotion and feelings • Cro-Magnon peoples or Homo Sapiens • The first human beings of fully modern type, appeared 40,000 years ago • Small family units, clans of generally no more than 15-20 people • Organized hunting bands, led by elders with greatest knowledge of hunting, gathering • Women could be leaders • Venus figurines • The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility • Cave paintings • Best known are Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain • Subjects: mostly animals; Purposes: aesthetic, "sympathetic magic

7. ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE • Neolithic era • "New stone age" - refined tools and agriculture • Time period: from about 12,000 to 6,000 years ago • Most likely, Paleolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants • Paleolithic men began to domesticate animals • "Agricultural transition" is better than "agricultural revolution" • Early agriculture • The earliest evidence found between 10,000 to 8000 B.C.E. • Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers • About 5000 B.C.E., agriculture well-established in Asia and Americas • The spread of agriculture • Advantages of cultivation over hunting and gathering • Developed indigenously in several different cultural hearths • Agriculture provided a surplus

8. EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY • Population explosion caused by surplus • Emergence of villages and towns • Jericho, earliest known Neolithic village (north of the Dead Sea) • Agricultural society, supplemented by hunting and limited trade • Mud huts and defensive walls • Specialization of labor • Neolithic site of Çatal Hüyük (south-central Anatolia) • Developed into a bustling town with more than 8,000 inhabitants • Craft industries - pottery, metallurgy, and textile production • Ruling class, priestly, craftsmen, and merchants were common • Social distinctions • Agriculture brought about private land ownership • Social classes emerged, as seen in Çatal Hüyük site • Beliefs • Neolithic peoples celebrated deities associated with life cycle • Increasing deification, anthropomorphism of nature, seasons • Increasing masculinization of deities

9. ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE • Emergence of cities • Tended to emerge in hostile environments • Harsh environments required stronger organization • Cities were larger and more complex • Cities influenced life of large regions • Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia • Other hearths of urban civilization • Indus River Valley • Nile River Valley • River Valley of the Huang He • Coastal Jungles of Mexico

10. Time Line of Planet EarthImagine the 102 stories of the Empire State Building as a scale for a time line of the earth’s history. Each story represents about 40 million years. Modern human beings have existed for just a tiny percentage of the life of this planet.

11. 2 2 Section Assessment Development of Agriculture HOME Humans Try to Control Nature GRAPH 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the effects of the development of agriculture. Rise in population Emergence of farming villages More available food More cultural developments New farming tools More stable communities continued . . .

12. 5 Characteristics of Civilization