Unit 4 Computers in law

1. Unit 4 Computers in law

2. Skills focus Reading • identifying topic development within a paragraph • using the Internet effectively • Evaluating Internet search results Writing • reporting research findings Vocabulary focus • computer jargon • abbreviations and acronyms • discourse and stance markers • verb and noun suffixes

4. A Study the word phrases in box a. 4.1 Vocabulary 1 Which words or phrases relate to computers and the Internet? Which relate to books and libraries? Find two groups of words. 2 Find pairs of words and phrases with similar meanings, one from each group. 3 Check your ideas with the first part of the Computer Jargon Buster on the opposite page.

5. 4.1 Vocabulary A Study the word phrases in box a. books electronic resources search engine results index cross-conference hyperlink catalogue database World Wide Web library menu table of contents browse/search look up page web page open log in/log on exit/log off close

6. 4.1 Vocabulary B Complete the instructions for using the Learning Research Centre with words or phrases from box a.

7. 4.1 Vocabulary B Complete the instructions for using the Learning Research Centre with words or phrases from box a. If you want to access web pages on the , you must firstto the university Intranet with your username and password. You can use anybut the default is Google. for web pages by typing one or more keywords in the search box and clicking on Search, or pressing Enter.When the results appear, click on a (highlighted in blue) to go to the web page. Click on Back to return to the results listing.You can also use the university of learning resources. Click on Law Resources on the main . world wide web log in search engine Browse/Search hyperlink database menu

8. C Study the abbreviations and acronyms in box b. 4.1 Vocabulary 1 How do you say each one? 2 Divide them into two groups: • Abbreviations • Acronyms Acronyms: CAL /kæl/, PIN /pɪn/, ROM /rɒm/, WAN /wæn/. Abbreviations: DVD, HTML, HTTP, ISP, LCD, MNC,URL (not pronounced /ɜ:/), USB, WWW. See Skills bank.

9. Vocabulary bank Understanding abbreviations and acronyms An abbreviationis a shorter version of something. For example, PC /pi:si:/ is an abbreviation for personal computer. An acronym is similar to an abbreviation, but it is pronounced as a word. For example, ASBO /zbEU/ is an acronym for Anti-Social Behavior Order. We normally write an abbreviation or acronym with capital letters, although the full words have lower case letters.

10. Vocabulary bank Understanding abbreviations and acronyms We pronouncethe vowel letters in abbreviationsin this way: We normally pronouncethe vowel letters in acronyms in this way:

11. D Test each other on the items in Exercise C. 4.1 Vocabulary What do the letters stand for in each case? What do they mean? Check your ideas with the second part of The Computer Jargon Buster on the opposite page.

12. E Study the nouns in box c 4.1 Vocabulary 1 Make a verb from each noun.2 Make another noun from the verb.

13. Vocabulary bank Common suffixes Suffixes for verbs There are some common verb suffixes. They make nouns into verbs. The meaning is basically make + noun. Examples ＊Both –ise and –ize are acceptable in British English

14. Vocabulary bank Common suffixes Suffixes for nouns Many nouns are made by adding a suffix to a verb. This means: Examples • You can identify many nouns from the suffix. • You can often discover the verb by removing the suffix Sometimes you have to make changes to the end of the verb.

15. E Study the nouns in box c 4.1 Vocabulary classify class classification computerize computerization computer digit digitize digitization identity identification identify machine mechanize mechanization

16. A Discuss these questions 4.2 Reading 1 What types of organization provide accessto useful information for lawyers? 2 How has the Internet helped make the law-making process more transparent? Government, courts, the media, legal organizations. A lot more information about how laws are written, passed and interpreted is now available to everyone on the Internet. In the past it was probably only accessible by trained lawyers

17. 4.2 Reading B Look at the title of the text on the opposite page. You are going to read a guide on using the Internet for law studies. Write three questions you want the guide to answer. Think of four or five questions with different Wh- question words: What …? When …? Where …? Why …? How …? Possible answers: What information is freely available? Where would you look for information on recent cases? How can you choose appropriate websites?

18. 4.2 Reading C One student wrote ideas about accessing information on the internet before reading the text on the opposite page. Write A (I agree), D (I disagree) or ? (I’m not sure) next to the ideas on the right.

19. 4.2 Reading D Read all the topic sentences in the text on the opposite page. Structure A What is the structure of this text? Choose Structure A or B (on the right)? Text structure A. 2 What do you expect to find in each paragraph? Structure B

20. 4.2 Reading different types of legal information that are available on the Internet how to access information on UK legislation sources of case law information, and how much it costs to access these online availability of secondary sources, and whether access is free or not information from other online sources using website codes to identify useful sites, e.g.,special interest groups and blogs

21. 4.2 Reading E Read the text and check your predictions. Paragraph 1 Prediction: different types of legal information that are available on the InternetActual: The paragraph explains the difference between primary and secondary sources. Paragraph 2 Prediction: how to access information on UK legislation.Actual: The paragraph also covers documents available at a European level. Paragraph 3 Prediction: sources of case law information, and how much it costs to access theseActual: The prediction is correct.

22. 4.2 Reading E Read the text and check your predictions. Paragraph 4 Prediction: online availability of secondary sources, and whether access is free or notActual: The prediction is correct. Paragraph 5 Prediction:information from other online sources.Actual: The prediction is correct. Paragraph recommends caution when accessing information from special interest websites. Paragraph 6 Prediction:using website codes to identify useful sites, e.g., special interest groups and blogsActual:The prediction is correct.

23. 4.2 Reading F Answer these questions 1 Where would you look for primary sources when conducting research? In Acts of Parliament and verbatim reports from courts such as the House of Lords/Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal. (There is no control over what is written on the Internet so information on some sites, especially individually written blogs may be both subjective and unreliable.) 2 Why are there no page numbers in a medium-neutral citation?Page numbers are useful for pinpointing a reference in a book but do not work when the information is on the Internet. Numbering the paragraphs in chronological order is a much more efficient system when the case is published on the net.

24. 4.2 Reading F Answer these questions 3 Which court was a case cited as EWHC(Fam) heard in? The Family Division of the High Court in England and Wales. 4 Why is the House of Lords cited as UKHL in medium-neutral citation? UK = United Kingdom. The House of Lords heard cases from other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom such as Scotland and Northern Ireland.Remind them that Ireland (Eire) is not part of the UK and has its own separate legal system.

25. 4.2 Reading G Topics sometimes develop inside a paragraph Does the topic develop in each paragraph of the text? If so, underline the word or words which introduce the change. What is the effect of the word or words on the development of the topic? See Skills bank.

26. Skills bank Developing ideas in a paragraph

27. Skills bank Developing ideas in a paragraph Introducing the topic In a text, a new paragraph indicates the start of a new topic. The topic is given in the topic sentence, which is at or near the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence gives the topic, and also makes a comment about the topic.

28. Skills bank Developing ideas in a paragraph Example: Since January 2001, as a result of cases being made available on the Internet, the way cases are cited has changed. The topic is the way cases are cited which, in this case, is medium-neutral citation. The comment is as a result of cases being made available on the Internet. The sentences that follow then expand or explain the topic sentence. Example: There is now a system known as medium-neutral citation. Cases are cited by the names of the parties and the medium-neutral citation which must include the year, the jurisdiction and the official reference number.

29. Skills bank Developing ideas in a paragraph Developing the topic A paragraph is normally about the same basic topic (the “unity” principle). However within a paragraph, ideas often develop beyond the initial comment. This development is often shown by • a discourse marker: but, however, etc. • a stance marker: thankfully, unfortunately, etc.

30. Skills bank Developing ideas in a paragraph Discourse markers generally make a connection between the previous information and what comes next. They mainly introduce contrasts or additional information. Example: Some law books are available free online. However, these tend to be older texts. There are a number of sites for special interest groups. Unfortunately, a lot of the information is written in a very subjective way.

31. Skills bank Developing ideas in a paragraph Stance markers show the attitude of the writer to the information, i.e., whether he/she is surprised, pleased, unhappy, etc., about the information. Example: Needless to say, it is also possible to find work in business organization, financial institutions and government agencies. Not surprisingly, good oral communication and written skills are essential.

32. 4.2 Reading G Topics sometimes develop inside a paragraph However to qualify a statement Inaddition to add a point Unfortunately to highlight a regretful situation However to present a contras Remember, though to attract attention before expressing a reservation though to qualify a statement

33. A Discuss these questions. 1 You want to find out about medium-neutral citation in law cases. Where would you look for the information? Why? In a current legal journal – very useful, as recent articles give the latest information. On the Internet – good if the correct keywords are used and a careful selection of results is made. Since it is a general topic, it would benefit from a search with a subject directory such as the World Wide Web Virtual Library on http://vlib.org/ In a textbook – useful if there is an up-to-date one,but books take time to publish, so even the latest may be out of date. 4.3 Extending skills

34. A Discuss these questions. 2 What keywords would you use to make this search? Why? In this list of possible keywords, the first three are obvious starting points; others are also possible. 4.3 Extending skills Mediumneutralcitation very specific to the task Journal -- -- journals give the latest information this year(the year’s date) Law case historydocuments specific to the discipline the time factor

35. √ B Your search produces 50 results. How can you select the most useful ones without reading all of them? Look at the list of criteria on the right and add a tick or “?”. √ ? √ 4.3 Extending skills ? √ √ √ ? ? √ √

36. C You have some more research tasks (below). Choose up to three keywords or phrases for each search. 1 What are the defences to the tort of trespass to the person? 2 What is the maximum custodial sentence a magistrates’ court can pass? 3 What types of cases are heard in the county courts in England and Wales? 4.3 Extending skills trespass, person, defences, consent magistrates, maximum, custodial, sentence County courts, England and Wales, cases D Go to a computer and try out your chosen keywords.

37. A What information is contained in the results listing of a search engine? 1 Make a list 2 Check with the results listings on the opposite page. 4.4 Extending skills • number of results • keywords used • time taken • title of document • type of document • quotations from the text with keywords highlighted • date • web address/URL

38. B Scan the results listings. Answer these questions. What keywords were entered? 4.4 Extending skills medium-neutral

39. C Answer these questions What abbreviations or acronyms can you find in the results? Acronyms/abbreviations: Result 9: ALWD (Association of Legal Writing Directors) Result 1: PDF, HTML 4.4 Extending skills Result 2: ATD (Australian Treaties Database) Result 3: ND (North Dakota) Result 10: JILT (Journal of Information, Law and Technology) Result 4: PDF, HTML Result 5: CompLRes Result 6: CCC, HCA (High Court of Australia) Result 7: nuls (Newcastle University Law School) Result 8: AALL (American Association of Law Libraries)

40. 2 Where is each website address? At the end. 4.4 Extending skills 3Where is the size of each document? At the end (if it is given), immediately after the web address, e.g., result 2 13k, result 3 – 5k. 4 Which are PDF documents? 5 Which documents have dates? Results 1, 4. Results 5, 8, 10.

41. C Answer these questions ６　Which results have all the keywords? ７　Which results come from educational sites? All results (allowing for use of media or medium). 4.4 Extending skills In the web address: 1, 5, 7, 8, 10 8 What does similar pages mean?9 What does cached mean? There were other very similar results, so the search engine ignored them. They are available if you clickon the words. It is a more efficient way of storing information. (It means that you can go to a copy of the page stored by Google, in case the actual website happens to be down at the time of the search; of course, it could be a little out of date.)

42. Skills bank Recording and reporting findings When you do research, record information about the source. Refer to the source when you report your findings. Examples: According to Lord Denning MR in Miller v Jackson, ... According to Digman and Lowry in their book Company Law (2006), … As the writer of the article on The Guardian Unlimited (March 4, 2008) says, … You should give the full information about the source in your reference list or bibliography. For more information about this, see Unit 10 Skills bank.

43. D Continue your research on medium-neutral citation by entering the keywords into a search engine and accessing three of the results. Compare your findings with other students. 4.4 Extending skills E Choose the most interesting result. Write a paragraph about the information you discovered. Develop the topic within the paragraph with discourse markers and stance markers.

44. Tips for Reference 4.1 Vocabulary部分，结合A项练习，先引导学生讨论有关computer和library的常用词，再进一步讨论computer和library的异同点和优缺点；完成B项练习后，结合Vocabulary bank的内容，完成C项练习；D-F项练习可由学生分组讨论完成。 4.2 Reading部分，先请学生结合自己的理解讨论A项练习；然后引导学生通过文章标题预测课文大意（B项练习）；随后依次完成C-G项练习，最后结合Skills bank内容讲解“Developing ideas in a paragraph” 4.3 Extending skills部分，建议采用小组讨论和实际操作相结合的形式，重点训练学生如何有效运用电脑查找信息与资料。 4.4 Extending skills部分，建议与学生实践操作的结果相结合，完成A-E项练习。讲解“Recording and reporting findings”。

45. 谢谢欣赏！