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Time Line Analysis Project

Time Line Analysis Project. Sherry Breeden Walden University Evolution of Educational Technology EDUC-7100-2. Time Line Analysis Project. Agricultural Age 8,000 BC – 1950’s. Industrial Age 1600’s –. 1600’s. 1700’s. 1800’s. 1900’s. 8,000 BC. Informational Age 1950’s - 2010.

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Time Line Analysis Project

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  1. Time Line Analysis Project Sherry Breeden Walden University Evolution of Educational Technology EDUC-7100-2

  2. Time Line Analysis Project Agricultural Age 8,000 BC – 1950’s Industrial Age 1600’s – 1600’s 1700’s 1800’s 1900’s 8,000 BC Informational Age 1950’s - 2010 Communication Age 2005 - ? -1900’s 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

  3. Strand 1: Toffler’s 3 Waves Strand 4 Education Strand 5 Social & Cultural Change Strand 2 Technological Advances Strand 3 Work Philosophies Strand 6 Presidential Impact

  4. Strand 1 Toffler’s Three Waves

  5. Agricultural Age • Toffler’s first wave, the Agricultural Age, focuses on society after the agrarian revolution. • This wave replaced the first hunter-gatherer cultures with agriculture and settlement.

  6. The first wave is marked by: • Extended Family • All family working the land • Transportation was performed on foot or by horse • Communication was accomplished face to face • Education was mainly oral and limited to books • Multiage group classroom and homeschooling • (Toffler, 2008)

  7. Toffler writes: "The Second Wave Society is industrial and based on mass production, mass distribution, mass consumption, mass education, mass media, mass recreation, mass entertainment, and weapons of mass destruction. You combine those things with standardization, centralization, concentration, and synchronization, and you wind up with a style of organization we call bureaucracy“ (Toffler, 1980). Industrial Age

  8. Main Components of the Second wave: • Nuclear family • Top-down bureaucracies • Factories • Transportation shifted to automobiles, planes and trains • Communication was still primarily face to face • Factory-type educational system • Grouped by ages and grades • Utilized books, film strips, and videos • (Toffler, 2008)

  9. Toffler’s third wave is known as the information age. • To various degrees predicted: • Demassification • Diversity • Knowledge-Based Production • The acceleration of change • All of which is evident today! • (Toffler, 1980) Information Age

  10. Main components of the Third Wave: • Diverse Family systems • Collaborative Teamwork • Work hour/location flexibility • Transportation primarily automobiles, planes, and computers • Multiple forms of communication: Cell phones, Computer to computer, E-mail, Messaging • Education has digital access through computer/internet capability – creates “hyperkids” (Toffler, 2008)

  11. There is speculation that we are or have already entered a fourth wave. According to Dr. Thornburgh this wave is the Communication wave (Thornburgh, 2008). Dr. Dede believes that the fourth wave is Biotechnology (Dede, 2008). I believe that Communication is indeed the wave we are currently in. It is and has been evident in many areas of our lives. Communication Age

  12. The Communication Age is evident in several ways: • The internet has become more than just a tool for information. It has developed into a world wide communication tool for anyone to use. • The use of cell phones, PDA’s, and Laptops make modes of communication easily accessible anytime and anywhere you wish to use them. • Texting has become second nature to most people and more so with the younger generation. • Communication is accomplished through, e-mail, social networking sites, cell phones, blogs, glogs, Wiki’s, and so on… all of these can and are utilized all over the world. Back to Table of Contents

  13. Strand 2 Technological Advances

  14. 1900 - 1909 • 1908: • First Model T Sold: • Ford invented the Assembly line: • This was a very important advance in manufacturing and it still is today. Mass production truly got it’s start with this key invention. • (Bellis, 2009) • 1903 • First gas-manned flight made by Wright brothers: • Flight impacted several areas. The ability to travel to places in a matter of hours which before would have taken days or even weeks or months or longer… changed how people saw the world. Flight eventually made the world a smaller place. • (Bellis, 2009) • 1900: • Brownie Camera • Put picture capability in everyone hands • Revolutionized the way we communicate: “photojournalism, the motion picture industry, medical X-Rays, Satellite imaging, the internet… every technology we use to communicate with pictures can trace it’s ancestry to that first black box” • (http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/brownieCam/index.shtml).

  15. 1910 - 1919 • 1914: • Morgan Gas mask invented • Morgan’s Gas mask was utilized by firefighters and the army during WWI. I believe that this little bit of technology revolutionized some aspects of war in what they had the capability to do and definitely the way fires were fought. • 1916: • Radio Tuners invented • Now able to receive different stations and broadcasting and choice is possible • 1918: • Superheterodyne radio tuner: • Invented by: Edwin Howard Armstrong • Still used in every radio and T.V. Today References:(Bellis, 2009)

  16. 1920 - 1929 There are several innovations throughout this decade but there are a few that have really impacted society and education. • 1923: Frozen food invented by Clarence Birdseye The invention of frozen food has played an integral part in daily living especially in the school systems. • 1925: Mechanical Television invention: This was a precursor to the modern day version that is so popular in the home, business, and schools. • 1927: Technicolor invented • 1928: Discovery of Penicillin References:(Bellis, 2009)

  17. 1930 - 1939 • 1930: Jet Engine • The jet engine revolutionized flight travel making it smoother and quicker not to mention opening up several avenues for the military. Scotch tape invented • 3M Engineer Richard Drew invented the first ever clear tape and it has been a hit ever since. 1933: FM radio invented by Edwin Armstrong • “Frequency modulation or FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the noise static caused by electrical equipment and the earth's atmosphere”. Where would radio be today without it? References:(Bellis, 2009)

  18. 1940 - 1949 • 1940: Color Television Invented by Peter Goldmark: Television has impacted all aspects of our culture and continues to do so today. When color was added it made it all that more enjoyable. • 1945: The Atomic Bomb This has impacted the world and brought new power to the hands of man that personally I’m not really sure we should have. The invention of this item has proven to be devastating for so many people through the years. • 1946: The Microwave Oven This invention has changed the way people think about meal time. The time it takes to cook something is drastically altered in a microwave which leads to more time to do other more important things like spending time with family. • 1947: Mobile Phones The invention of the mobile phone would change communication and the future of how people interact and where they are when they interact. “Mobile phones were invented in 1947 but cell phones were not sold commercially until 1983” (Bellis, 2009) References:(Bellis, 2009)

  19. 1950 - 1959 • 1950: The Credit Card • The first credit card was invented by Ralph Schneider and it was a diner’s card (About, 2009). This was the first of many to come and today credit cards are used by just about every person alive. • 1954: The Oral Contraceptive Invented • This was a huge thing for woman’s rights activists. It was the cause of controversy for many years and it went through several changes before becoming what it is today. • 1958: The Integrated Circuit • Invented by 2 men at the same time unknowingly by each other: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. “The invention of the integrated circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all modern products use chip technology” (Bellis, 2009) References:(Bellis, 2009)

  20. 1960 - 1969 • 1965: Compact Disc • “Invented by James Russell but didn’t become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980” (Bellis, 2009) • 1967: First Hand-held Calculator • This innovation changed math class forever in the American school system. Later on it would change calculus, geometry, algebra… with other functions besides just the 4 basic add, subtract, multiply, and divide. • 1968: RAM (Random Access memory) • This changed the way computers not only stored memory but how it accessed it as well. This is a very important moment in the history of computers. References:(Bellis, 2009)

  21. 1970 - 1979 • 1970: The Floppy Disc • Made it possible to save information and carry information from one computer to another. • 1971: Microprocessor • “In November, 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor…The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible” (About, 2009) • The downsizing of computers has begun and it is still going today. They just keep getting smaller and smaller and smaller… • 1972: First Video Game • Pong was the first video game and the industry has boomed ever since! • Video games are now not only for entertainment but now there are educational games that encompass learning not wasting your time. References:(Bellis, 2009)

  22. 1980 - 1989 • 1984: Apple-Macintosh Invented • Truly the Personal Computer really took off when the Apple arrived and it gave IBM a run for it’s money. CD-ROM Invented • 1985: Windows Program invented by Microsoft • IBM computers would be getting a new interface to keep up with the recent competition set forth by the Macintosh recently released. References:(Bellis, 2009)

  23. 1990 - 1999 • 1990: The birth of the World Wide Web • “WWW and Internet protocol (HTTP) and WWW language (HTML) were created by Tim Berners-Lee” (About, 2009). • This was the beginning of something huge. Today the internet is an infinite source of information and entertainment. The internet has changed the way we look at the world and makes it even smaller. • 1993: The Pentium Processor References:(Bellis, 2009)

  24. 2000 - 2009 • 2001: Artiificial Heart • The artificial heart gives a renewed life to those who’s natural heart can’t do the job. • Apple Publicly Announced the i-pod. • 2005: Youtube • Anyone can be a star on Youtube and they are. This site has taken off and you can utilize it in many different settings, home work, education… References:(Bellis, 2009) Table of Contents

  25. Strand 3 Business & Corporate Developments

  26. 1900 - 1909 • 1902: • J.C. Penny opens his first store and he called it The Golden Rule. • Store opens in Kemmerer, Wyoming. • 1908: • Edward H Filene Starts what becomes the world largest specialty store. • Filene was progressive in his labor policies to include: • Established minimum wage for women. • Instituted Saturday closings during the summer. • Recognized winter vacations and normal summer holidays. • Created the Filene Employee Credit Union • This was a national prototype. • 1909: • Frederick L. Maytag starts the Maytag Corporation selling the first washing machines. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  27. 1910 - 1919 • 1910: • Elizabeth Arden Company began. • Arden sells salon and cosmetic products. • Arden was a pioneer in the personal care industry. • 1915: • William Fox creates the Fox Film Company. • “Fox pioneered the vertical integration of the film industry by merging production, distribution, and exhibition under single ownership.” • 1916: • Boeing Company founded by William E. Boeing. • Pioneer of commercial aviation. • Boeing organized United Airlines creating 25 specially designed, heavy-duty planes. Also created Bi-planes designed to carry mail. • In its first year, Boeing carried 230,000 pounds of mail and 525 passengers. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  28. 1920 - 1929 • 1922: • Emerson Radio and Phonograph Corporation • Emerson developed a number of “firsts” to include: • Radio-Phonograph combo • Clock Radio • Self-Powered Portable Radio • Midget Transistor Radio • 1924: • Macy’s Herald Square Location becomes largest store in the world. • The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade takes place in New York City. • Dubbed the "Christmas Parade," the five-mile event is watched by 10,000 people. • 1929: • Walter E. Disney Create the Walt Disney Company. • Pioneer in Family Entertainment business. • Steamboat Willie is the first animated cartoon • Disney’s products have had a key part in shaping Americana. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  29. 1930 - 1939 • 1930: • Richard Dupree takes over leadership of Proctor and Gamble Company. • Under his leadership the company became the country's leading seller of consumer goods. • He also put the company on the path to becoming the biggest advertiser in the country by sponsoring the first radio soap-opera. • 1937: • Pepperidge Farm has it’s beginning. • Founded by Margaret F. Rudkin who started it at her family home -“Pepperidge Farm” after having a great deal of success with her all natural bread that she originally made for her allergic son. • Employed mostly woman at a time when women working outside the home was not a common thing. Eventually sold the company to Campbell's soup company many years later. • 1930 • Greyhound Bus Corporation – founded by Carl Wickman • Became the one of the leading bus transport services in the U.S. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  30. 1940 - 1949 • 1941: • Congress establishes Thanksgiving as the fourth Thursday of November rather than the fifth Thursday. • Fred Lazarus Jr. convinced President Franklin Roosevelt that it would be good for the economy because the Christmas shopping season would be longer. • 1945: • Ford Motor Company Leadership taken on by Henry Ford II • When he took it over the company was loosing 9.5 Mil/month • Henry implemented an audit system for the company while automating the plants • There profits rose to 265million in the next 5 years. • 1945: • U-Haul rental system established by Leonard Shoen. • Made to meet the demands of post-war relocation of veterans and their families. • Start up costs were 5,000 and grew to be a company worth over 1 billion dollars. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  31. 1950 - 1959 • 1950: • Northgate Shopping Center opens in Seattle • The first open-air pedestrian mall • Featuring two strip centers face-to-face with a pedestrian walkway in between. • 1955: • H & R Block pioneered by Henry and Richard Bloch. • The brothers understood that the tax preparation business is a service industry. • Instituted customer-friendly H & R Block offices throughout the United States. • 1959: • Amway corporation established by Richard Devos and Jay Van Andel. • One of the most profitable direct selling companies in the world • Used an elaborate pyramid-like distribution system • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  32. 1960 - 1969 • 1962: • Wal-mart -established by Samuel Walton opened his first store in 1962. • Walton achieved great success, primarily by focusing on an often-ignored group of consumers: small-town residents. • 1963: • Mary Kay Cosmetics Company established. • Created by and for women. • Utilized a direct sales force and creative motivational sales techniques. • Company grew rapidly both in sales and consultants. • 1965: • Subway future healthy fast food chain was started. • Fred Deluca founded the company hoping to make enough to go to college. • His business turned out to be quite successful as he continued it after college. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  33. 1970 - 1979 • 1973: • IBM expands from mainframe computers to personal computers, graphic terminals, and information technology consulting. • 1975: • Apple Computer brings the personal computer to the masses. • 1978: • Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream was born. • Co-Founded by Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield. • 7.5% of it’s pre-tax profit went to non-profit organizations. • 1978: • Home Depot Opens it’s first store • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  34. 1980 - 1989 • 1984: • Dell Computer Corporation established. • Dell revolutionized the retail computer industry by: • instituting a direct sales approach, where the customer places their customized order via phone or the internet directly with Dell Computer versus a retail store. • 1985: • The Home Shopping Network Debut’s. • 1985: • America Online Established • Founded by Stephen Case who has built it into the worlds largest Online service provider. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  35. 1990 - 1999 • 1990: • Wal-mart is the number one U.S. retailer in sales. • 1994: • Amazon.com is born • Jeffory Bezos creates the world’s largest on-line bookseller. • He created an enterprise that could source and distribute over 2.5 million titles. • 1995: • Yahoo search engine .com site is born. • This very successful endeavor began as a hobby to help founders, Jerry Yang and David Filo, to navigate the world wide web. • References for this page: • http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/ • http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

  36. 2000 - 2009 • 2000: • Microsoft Corporation develops Windows XP for easier and better use of PC. • (…) • 2007: • A new business utilizing a new spin on an old concept can be found at PostcardTech.com • It was established in 2007 by 18 year old Seth Priebatsch. • “Bringing creative marketing for complex messages in every field and in every sector.” • His company started as a high school project and quickly caught on. • Seth is well on his way to being a fortune 500 company. • (…) • 2000 – • A business development that has happened across the board over the past decade is the use of websites to promote their business or help to sell their products. • Virtually every business has become ‘web- savvy’ during this decade. Table of Contents

  37. Strand 4 Education

  38. 1900 - 1909 1904: • Mary McLeod Bethune established the first formal school for African American girls entitled the Daytona Literary and Industrial School for Training Negro Girls. • Her school opened in October 1904, with six pupils, five girls and her own son. • There was no equipment; crates were used for desks and charcoal took the place of pencils; and ink came from crushed elderberries. • (Sass, 2009) • 1900’s: • Maria Montessori became known for her new teaching methods. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  39. 1910 - 1919 • 1911: • First Montessori school established. • Opened in Tarrytown, New York, by Anne George. • By 1913 there were nearly one hundred Montessori schools in America. • 1913: • Edward Lee Thorndike’s book: Educational Psychology: The Psychology of Learning is published. • His book stated that human learning involves habit formation, or connections between stimuli/situations and responses. • His theory states that these connections are strengthened by repetition consequences. These ideas come to dominate American educational psychology for much of the Twentieth Century and greatly influence American educational practice. • 1916: • Formation of the AFT (American Federation of Teachers). This was the beginning of a very long debate that continues today as to weather teachers should join unions. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  40. 1920 - 1929 • 1925: • Tennessee vs. John Scopes ("the Monkey Trial") • John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, is charged with the crime of teaching evolution. Scopes is convicted and the controversy still goes on today. • 1926: • The SAT or Scholastic Aptitude Test is first administered. • 1929: • Stock market crashes and the great depression begins. • “Public education funding suffers greatly, resulting in school closings, teacher layoffs, and lower salaries” References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  41. 1930 - 1939 • 1931: • Dick and Jane books published • These books taught millions of children to read. • ‘These primers introduced the students to reading with only one new word per page and a limited vocabulary per book. All who learned to read with these books still recall the "Look. See Dick. See Dick run." • 1935: • Works Progress Administration builds hundreds of schools • 1939: • Dr. Frank W. Cyr, organized a meeting to establish national school bus construction standards, including yellow body paint. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  42. 1940 - 1949 • 1941: • WWI causes Education and funding for it to be put on the back burner. • 1944: • G.I. Bill is signed by FDR • More than 7.8 million World War II veterans take advantage of the GI Bill. • More than two-million attend colleges or universities • About 238,000 become teachers. • The long-standing tradition that a college education was only for the wealthy is broken. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  43. 1950 - 1959 • 1953: • B.F. Skinners Science and Human Behavior is published. • The beginning of controlling behavior by varying reinforcement becomes very popular and widely influences American education. • 1954: • Chief Justice Earl Warren judged in Brown v. the Board of Education that separate facilities for blacks did not make those facilities equal according to the Constitution. • Integration was begun across the nation. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  44. 1960 - 1969 • 1960: • First grader, Ruby Bridges is the first African American to attend William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans. • She becomes a class of one as parents remove all Caucasian students from the school. • 1965: • Marks the beginning of Project Head Start which is a preschool education program for children from low-income families • This program began as an eight-week summer program. • This was part of Johnson’s "War on Poverty" • The program continues to this day as the longest-running anti-poverty program in the U.S. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  45. 1970 - 1979 • 1970: • Diana v. California State Board • New laws requiring that students who are being tested for special Ed. Must be tested in their primary language. • 1975: • Education of All Handicapped Children Act • Congress guaranteed equal educational access to the handicapped. • 1974: • Busing is put in order by Federal Judge Arthur Garrity • Black students are bussed to predominately white schools • This was done to achieve racial integration of public schools in Boston, MA. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  46. 1980 - 1989 • 1980’s: • President Reagan endorsed a constitutional amendment to permit school prayer. It was defeated. • However, prayer still takes place in some schools in the south and so does Corporal punishment. Both of these still happened in the school that I used to teach at in North Georgia. • 1986: • Christa McAuliffe, a teacher at Concord High school was chosen by NASA from among more than 11,000 applicants to be the first teacher-astronaut • The mission ends just 73 seconds after launch as the Space Shuttle Challenger explodes leaving no survivors. • (…) • I was in third grade when this took place and I remember our class was standing outside watching it happen. The Launch was no more than 20 minutes away from our school. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  47. 1990 - 1999 • 1991: • Minnesota passed the first charter school law • California did the same in 1992. • By 1995, 19 states had signed laws allowing for the creation of charter schools, and by 2003 that number increased to 40 states. • 1993: • Jacqueline and Martin Brooks‘ published: In Search of Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms. • This book is just one of many that describe constructivism which says that learning best occurs through active construction of knowledge rather than its passive reception. • Constructivist learning theory becomes extremely popular in the 1990s. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

  48. 2000 - 2009 • 2001: • “The controversial No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is approved by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002.” • Holds schools accountable for student achievement levels • Harbors penalties for schools that do not make AYP. • 2005: • The Monkey Trial continues in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District • Court rules that teaching "intelligent design" as an alternative to evolution is a  violation of the First Amendment.  • The interesting thing is that Evolution is just a theory – not proven- yet it MUST be the only thing taught to our children. You have to wonder about this. References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009) Table of Contents

  49. Strand 5 Nature of Society and Culture

  50. 1900 - 1909 • Art & Architecture • Painters like Homer & Russell painted Americas life and landscape. • Early modernists brought Urban Realism like George Luks, Hester Street. • Architecture tended to have more straight lines. • Music • Leisure time was spent at family picnics, baseball, Sunday drives, or around the piano. • Music reflected events at the time like flight, and the automobile. • Silent films, Broadway musicals, and Ballroom dancing were favorites • Events & Issues • Transportation Revolution • Urban poor and disease among them • Industrial growth triples • Segregation worsened by denying black vote • Fads & Fashions • Ping Pong – Expensive form of tennis played by the rich. • Speeding – As motor cars became more popular speeding became an issue. By 1906 several states had speed limits of 20mph. Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

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