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African Development

African Development. Ethnicity and the Politics Of Sub-Nationalism. Reading. Questions and Clarification. Examples of Ethnic Conflict. Cambodia? Bosnia/Kosovo Somalia Central Africa: Rwanda/Zaire East Timor and Indonesia. Nationalism and Ethnicity.

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African Development

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  1. African Development Ethnicity and the Politics Of Sub-Nationalism

  2. Reading • Questions and Clarification

  3. Examples of Ethnic Conflict • Cambodia? • Bosnia/Kosovo • Somalia • Central Africa: Rwanda/Zaire • East Timor and Indonesia

  4. Nationalism and Ethnicity • DISCUSSION POINT: IS AFRICAN ETHNICITY DIFFERENT?

  5. Ethnicity The Story of Lingala: • Language spoken along Congo River by many groups • No real Ngala Group • Missionaries and Colonial officers “heard the language” • By 1960, a group definition

  6. Defining Ethnicity • Core Separatism based on Language • Language Group Identity • Impaced by Colonialism-Divide and ally • Geographic Ethnic Separation • Multi-Ethnic Groups live together • Sub-Nationalism- Perception of Group as nation • Africa- Ethnic Mosaic

  7. Nigeria • 100, 000 people • 10 Major languages (350,000 people +) • 248 Languages

  8. Nigeria: Three Places in One Northern Nigeria: Dry, Grazing County Moslem, Hausa and Fulani Middle Belt: Temperate, Hilly, Underutilized potential for Grain Crops- small heterogenous groups, Tiv and Nupe South: Tropical forest, humid, palm oil, cocoa, oil. Yoruba, Wes, Ibo East

  9. The Norway Problem • Norway- A Nation State of 3.9 million people • “Ibo”- a “tribe” of 17 million people • Theme: a State without a Nation

  10. Defining Nationalism without states: The Norway Problem • Defined as parochialism- Identification and value system set within Autonomous Local Communities • Problems with "tribalism“ • European Term, Conventional Use • Tribes vs. “Detribalization”- What does it mean?

  11. Ethnic Consciousness • Sometimes New • Often accidental • External in origin • Formed by urban contact • Changing • Related to Differences in Economic Advantages

  12. Definitions of Sovereign Authority • State • Nation • Government • State-Centric Nationalism

  13. Asian Ethnicity • A Core Nationality and Outlying “tribes” • Indonesia and Java • India and Hindi (Crosscutting caste, religion and language) • Kurds: Minorities in Four Countries- Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran • Iran: Persia

  14. Patrimonial Leadership and ethnic identity • Is there an African “traditional” model? • The authoritarian President as paramount chief? • Is there a uniquely African State?

  15. Defining Nationalism • North Africa: "Arab majorities" and "minorities"- • Sudan, Chad, Mauritania and Morocco • The Horn- Clans, religion and colonial borders

  16. Defining Nationalism • Uganda and sub-nationalism • Nigeria and "federalism" – Biafra • Guinea Conakry and "ethnic arithmetic” • South Africa and "Zulu Nationalism"

  17. Ethnicity, Race and Culture • Focus of Explanations for Failure in Africa • The nature of conflict • The legitimacy of colonial borders

  18. Ethnicity Issues • Biology vs. Attitudes (Race) • Ethnicity as a concept • Colonial vs. Indigenous Languages • The role of lingua francas: English, French, Portuguese and Trade Languages: Hausa, Swahili

  19. Ethicity • Clifford Geetrz and his Critics • Clifford Geertz, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States” • In Clifford Geertz, ed. OLD SOCIETIES AND NEW STATES (New York: Free Press, 1968).

  20. Theories of Ethnicity: Primordial Sentiments • Primordialism- Allegiance based on givens, culture, language and religion • Contrasts Primorial vs. civil sentiments (Civil Society) • Primordial- Permanent and unchanging

  21. Primoridalism • Corporate sentiments of oneness • Personality flaw that must be corrected • Undermines the Nation • Ethnicity is destrictive • Embedded in ancient myths and history

  22. Civil Society • Interests are rationally defined • Broaden to form nation state • Civic sense: separates public interest from group interests • Government: superior to other collective or private interests • Nationalism within Nation-State- Rational

  23. Cleavages • Cumulative (overlapping) vs. • Crosscutting • NORTHERN IRELAND: Catholic Poor Urban Working Class

  24. Ethnic Conflict • Conflict in Africa is Civil War • Colonial Boundaries Artificial • Anti-colonial agitation often ethnic based • Result: Geographic sessession • Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea/Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique

  25. Related Terms Finding a meaning for Social divisions • Cultural Pluralism • Cultural Sub-nationalism • Religious Fundamentalism and Nationalism

  26. Ethnicity as a Process • Contextual and Changing • Towns: urban contact and the “other” • “retribalization” • European origins of ethnic identity • Tradition actually changes

  27. Explanations of Ethnicity • Ethnicity as class • cultural sub-nationalism • Contextual- intensification of ethnic identity- and the reverse • Ethnicity as Nationalism

  28. Ethnicity and Class • Class is Traditional • Class was reinforced by Colonial Rule • New Organizational and Economic Elites have ties to Pre-colonial elites • Strikes and Spoils- Ethnic in Nature

  29. Discussion: The Novels • Ousemane • Achebe • Gordimer • Vassanji • Ngugi

  30. NEXT Week • The Francophone Group

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