Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E.

1. Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E. Chapter 1, Boyer

2. Hiawatha • member of Iroquois tribe • Endless cycle of violence • Family threatened, wanders through forest • Has visions, meets holy man • Introduces condolence of peace to Iroquois tribes • Leads to creation of the League of the Iroquois • Represents a moment in American History before Columbus • Cultural diversity that existed in Pre-Columbian America

3. Chapter Focus Questions • What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans? • How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures? • What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

4. First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E. • Two Theories • Land bridge • 10,500 B.C.E. • Last Ice Age • Hunters • From Siberia • Boat • More recent theory • Dated 13,000 B.C.E. • Evidence in Chile 10,500 B.C.E.

5. Paleo- Indians • “earliest Americans” • Foundation of Native American life • Hunter/gathers • Defined roles for men and women • Trade/exchange of ideas • End of Ice Age = change in way of life • Dramatic changes in physical environment

6. Clovis Peoples • Location • New Mexico to Nova Scotia • Characteristics • Sophisticated tools • Mobile communities • Technology spread quickly • End • Climate differentiated after ice age • Fragmentation occurred

7. Archaic Societies • Changes in environment = changes in lifestyle • Changes in diet • Shift to year-round villages • More defined roles for men and women • 5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture • Begins in Mesoamerica • Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E. • Seed specialization • Introduction of 1st maize crop • Spread by 2500 B.C.E. • Still not significant part of daily diet

8. Cultural Diversity • Mesoamerica and South America • Increased Crop Production • Maize-based farming spreads • Surplus leads to trade • Development of communities • Olmec • Urban centers • Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms) • Unequal society

9. Mesoamerica and South America Cont. • Development of Powerful States • Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.) • Lead bloody wars • Religious hierarchy • Extensive trade • Dominated Modern-day Mexico • Strong political system • Massive public works projects • Influences the Maya and the Aztecs • Declined 8th century

10. Mesoamerica and South America • Mayans • Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries • Developed: • Calendar • Numerical system • Hieroglyphic writing • codices • Aztecs • Overthrew rulers in 1428 • Conquering campaign • Religious rituals • Massive public works projects • Capital- Tenochtitlan • Based writing and calendar on Mayans • Modified environment for food production • Large trading system

12. Mesoamerica and South America • Incas • Andes • Capital- Cuzco • Dominate around 1438 C.E. • Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion • Modified environment • Public works

14. Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions • What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans? • How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures? • What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

15. Rewind: • 13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America • Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians • Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in lifestyle for Paleo-Indians • Consequences: • Hunting smaller animals • Focus more on forging local resources • Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments • 10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians • Still migrated following food, few exceptions • Difference: • Use of stone tools (food preparation) • 4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture • Major change to permanent settlements • Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.

16. Major Themes Chapter 1 • Effects of Climate Shift • Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic • Experimentation with agriculture • Consequences of Farming • Shift to year-round villages • Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary source of food • Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands • Development of Native American culture • See Chart / North America • Native American ties • communal use and control of resources • Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people • Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals for burial of dead • Preference for independent, kin-based communities • Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order • Customs: used to reinforce conformity • Respect came from providing for people not by force • Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense • Strong sense of interdependence • Mesoamerica/South America • Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers • Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers • C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose • Mayans, Aztecs

18. Anasazi

19. Cahokia

20. Iroqouis

21. Europe on the Eve of Exploration • 12th-15th centuries C.E. • Massive trade • Mediterranean trade • Europe/Asia/Africa • Competition between • Land route to Asia blocked by Ottoman Turks 1453 • Bubonic plague • Reduced population and food supply • New ideology/ taking risks • Scientific/technological advances • Printing press • Maritime advances • Religion • Spread of Christianity • Catholic “reconquista” • Protestant revolution • Renaissance • Ancient Greek/ Romans • Mapping • Prince Henry the Navigatorincrease in scientific knowledge • Little Ice Age • Monarchs/Imperialism • New nation-states • France, England, Spain, Portugal • Crave resources/wealth • Solidify power

22. Beginnings of North American Exploration

23. Native Americans in 1490 • Population stats vary • 1/3 lived in Mississippi valley • Low population density • Abundant resources (enough for everyone) • Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans • Indians lacked • Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper • No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power • Belief in collective bargaining • Self- determination • Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor) • No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies

27. Columbus