Cold War Review # 1 Origins

1. Cold War Review # 1Origins Daniel W. Blackmon Coral Gables Sr. High

2. Teachers.dadeschools.net/dblackmon • dblackmon@dadeschools.net

3. Some Typical Questions: Origins To what extent did events in the final year of the Second World War turn wartime allies into Cold War enemies? [HL] [2004]

4. Some Typical Questions: Origins "An unnatural alliance that was bound to fall apart after the defeat of the common enemy." To what extent does this statement explain the origin of the Cold War? [HL] [2006]

5. Some Typical Questions: Origins Analyse the origin of East-West rivalry and explain why it developed into the Cold War. (2008A)

6. Some Typical Questions: Origins For what reasons, and with what results, did the Second World War allies become post-war enemies?(2008B)

7. Some Typical Questions: Origins “Ideological differences played only a minor role in the origin and development of the Cold War.” How far do you agree with this statement? [HL] [1999]

8. Some Typical Questions: Origins Assess the part played by differing ideologies in the origin of the Cold War. [HL] [2007]

9. Some Typical Questions: Origins “The Cold War was caused by fear, not aggression.” To what extent does this view explain how the Cold War developed between 1945 and 1949? [HL] [2001]

10. Some Typical Questions: Origins Examine the role and importance of fear and suspicion in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975. (2009 A)

11. Some Typical Questions: Origins Examine the role and importance of fear and suspicion in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975. (2009 A)

12. Some Typical Questions: Origins Assess the impact of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan on the development of the Cold War between 1947 and 1961. [HL] [2004]

13. Some Typical Questions: Origins How was East/West rivalry illustrated and affected by: (A) the division of Germany (B) the founding of NATO (C) the Korean War? (1987). (HL)

14. Some Typical Questions: Origins Define and analyse the importance of two of the following: a. The formation of NATO b. The Warsaw Pact c. Non-alignment d. Détente (2009 A)

15. Some Typical Questions: Origins To what extent was Germany the cause of East / West disagreements between 1943 and 1963? [HL] [2000]

16. Some Typical Questions: Origins 17. In what ways, and with what results, was Germany the key focus of the early stages of the cold War? . [HL] [2007]

17. Some Typical Questions: Origins Analyse the role of Germany in the origin and development of the Cold War. [HL] [2002]

18. Some Typical Questions: Origins In what ways did developments in Germany affect the Cold War between 1945 and 1961? (2008B)

19. Question of the Day "It is evident that the conflict after 1947 between the United States and the Soviet Union was not simply a clash of ideologies but a struggle of competing interests . . . .

20. Question of the Day the forces bringing the two countries into collision as world powers would have operated in much the same way if the Bolshevik revolution had never occurred." How far do you agree with this claim? (1985) (HL/SL)

21. Thesis This is a good question in that it may easily and convincingly be argued both pro and con.

22. Thesis “Although some kind of clash of competing interests between the United States and the Soviet Union was inevitable, the nature and length of that conflict was determined more by ideological considerations than by any other factor.”

23. War Time Issues Second Front Stalin always feared that the US and Great Britain would delay a Second Front until Germany and the USSR had destroyed each other, and then would step in and pick up the pieces

24. Stalin’s (and Molotov’s) attitude during these delays became increasingly hostile and paranoid. The actual difficulties of raising an army of 11,000,000, equipping it, transporting it to Europe and then crossing the English Channel in the teeth of German opposition were never really understood by Stalin.

25. Katyn Katyn Stalin arrested some 14,000 Polish officers when he occupied eastern Poland in 1939 The Germans discovered the bodies in 1943 and brought in the Red Cross to prove Soviet atrocities

26. Katyn The London Polish government-in-exile accused Stalin of the crime. Stalin used this as a pretext to establish his puppet Lublin Government as the “government” of Poland on July 2, 1944.

27. Katyn The issue for Stalin was really Soviet control of a post war Poland. Any government in Poland which represented the wishes of the Polish people would be adamantly anti-Soviet. Stalin could not permit this.

28. Polish Home Army When the Polish Home Army rose in revolt (August 1, 1944) as the Red Army approached Warsaw, Stalin halted his offensive and sat idly while the Germans systematically massacred the defenders.

29. Teheran Conference11-12/1943 Churchill accepts the Curzon line in Poland and Soviet territorial gains 1939-41

30. Teheran Conference Churchill proposes in 10/44 “spheres of influence” in the southeastern Europe Romania USSR 90% Britain 10% Bulgaria USSR 75% Britain 25% Hungary USSR 50% Britain 50% Yugoslavia USSR 50% Britain 50% Greece USSR 10% Britain 90%

31. Yalta 2/1945 Big Three FDR for US Churchill for Great Britain Stalin for USSR

32. Yalta 2/1945 Agreements regarding Europe USSR receives part of eastern Poland Poland compensated by moving western border to the Oder

33. Yalta 2/1945 Agreements regarding Europe USSR would receive largest share of the reparations from Germany Germany to be divided into US, British, French, and Soviet zones of occupation (ZOC) Berlin to be jointly governed by the Four Powers

34. Yalta 2/1945 Agreements regarding Europe Democratic interim governments were to hold free elections in the liberated states.

35. Yalta 2/1945 Agreements regarding Asia USSR would receive Sakhalin island and the Kurile Islands, plus rights in Manchuria in other words, a return to the status quo ante 1905 (before the Russo-Japanese War)

36. Yalta 2/1945 Agreements regarding Asia Stalin promised to declare war on Japan between 60 and 90 days after Germany’s surrender.

37. Yalta 2/1945 A “Declaration on Liberated Europe” was issued

38. Truman Meets Molotov 4/23/45 Truman told Molotov that the Soviets would from henceforth have to keep their agreements [specifically, on the subject of free elections in Poland], that relations could no longer be on the basis of ‘one way street.’

39. Truman Meets Molotov 4/23/45 Molotov replied ‘I have never been talked to like this in my life.’ Truman replied ‘Carry out your agreements and you won’t get talked to like that.’” (McCauley Origins 61)

40. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Stalin’s shopping list Decide on German reparations Liquidate the London Polish government

41. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Stalin’s shopping list Internationalization of the Ruhr Soviet trusteeship over Libya Rupture diplomatic relations with Spain

42. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Stalin’s shopping list Replace the Montreaux Convention on the Straits with Russian control Return to the Soviet Union of land lost to Soviet Georgia and Soviet Armenia in 1921

43. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Agreements regarding Europe Truman recognizes the Lublin government in Poland, bowing to Stalin’s fait accompli.

44. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Agreements regarding Europe Truman refused to acknowledge the governments of Bulgaria and Romania, with James MacGregor Byrnes citing violations of the Declaration on Liberated Europe. this position was later softened and we accepted the governments in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland.

45. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Agreements regarding Europe The US accepts changes to the Polish-German border placing it on the Oder-Neisse Line (shifted westwards)

46. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Agreements regarding Europe Byrnes offers Stalin not only reparations from his zone of Germany, but 25% of the Western zone as well. Truman agrees in recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence

47. Potsdam 7-8/ 45 Agreements regarding Asia Korea was to be occupied by the Soviets north of the 39th parallel, and by the US south of that line.

48. The Bomb Truman always insisted that the US dropped the Bomb in order to save American lives which would have been lost in an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands

49. This is the “Orthodox” view

50. The Bomb Gar Alperowitz argued in Atomic Diplomacy in 1965 that Truman dropped the bomb not to defeat Japan but to intimidate the Russians. This view has obtained wide credence.