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A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina)

A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina). Dan Goldman. Sue Klosterman. Charles Mitchell. Macroevolution. Large scale project on evolutionary trends. Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny.

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A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina)

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  1. A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina) Dan Goldman Sue Klosterman Charles Mitchell

  2. Macroevolution • Large scale project on evolutionary trends • Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny • Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an essential component

  3. DDO Radiation • Rapid expansion in the Early Late Ordovician, about 458 million years ago • Difficulty in determining evolutionary relationships

  4. Character Analysis Commonly preserved on black shales 3-D specimens extracted from limestone matrix

  5. Character Examples Colony Width 2TRD 2TRD • 56 parsimony-informative discrete characters Apertural Orientation • 10 continuous characters – measurement data Thecal Shape

  6. Tree Analysis MacClade PAUP 16 Taxa Branch & Bound Search RC Index Character Weighting

  7. Outgroup Selection Hustedograptus as primitive outgroup

  8. Consensus Tree - Discrete characters only O. ruedemanni Primitive Rectograptus O. eucharis A. perexcavatus A. maxwelli A.praetypicalis G. typicalis G. pygmaeus R. amplexicaulis O. quadrimucronatus O. spinigerus O. pageanus O. apiculatus O. calcaratus incisus H. teretiusculus H. uplandicus 9 MPR – all variations within O. quadrimucronatus group Generally compatible with current systematics

  9. Individual Clades Orthograptus Orthograptus is a paraphyletic taxon from which Rectograptus, Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus have been derived

  10. Individual Clades Derived orthograptines Orthograptus calcaratus group is the primitive sister group to the rest of the derived orthograptines

  11. Individual Clades A – R – G subclades Orthograptus quadrimucronatus group is the sister group to the Amplexograptus, Rectograptus and Geniculograptus subclades

  12. Individual Clades Rectograptus is the primitive sister group to the Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus sub-clades

  13. Thecal Diversification Thecal diversification from primitive, straight tubes to more complex geniculate thecae for this subclade.

  14. CI = .84 RI = .89 RC = .74 Cladogram Support Consistency Indicies – low levels of homoplasy

  15. Cladogram Support PTP Test – No permutated cladograms are shorter in length than original cladogram Permutated Original

  16. Cladogram Support O. ruedemanni O. eucharis A. perexcavatus A. maxwelli A.praetypicalis G. typicalis G. pygmaeus R. amplexicaulis Primitve Rectograptus O. quadrimucronatus O. spinigerus O. pageanus O. apiculatus O. calcaratus incisus H. teretiusculus H. uplandicus 0 10 1 1 0 6 4 1 1 Bremer Support Indicies 2 6

  17. Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included O. ruedemanni O. eucharis A. perexcavatus A. maxwelli A.praetypicalis G. typicalis G. pygmaeus R. amplexicaulis Primitve Rectograptus O. quadrimucronatus O. spinigerus O. pageanus O. apiculatus O. calcaratus incisus H. teretiusculus H. uplandicus

  18. Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included O. ruedemanni O. eucharis A. perexcavatus A. maxwelli A.praetypicalis G. typicalis G. pygmaeus R. amplexicaulis Primitve Rectograptus O. quadrimucronatus O. spinigerus O. pageanus O. apiculatus O. calcaratus incisus H. teretiusculus H. uplandicus O. ruedemanni becomes sister taxon to A - R - G subclade Relationship of O. quadrimucronatus group is better defined

  19. Start to incorporate the orthograptinae cladogram with DDO fauna and other graptolite groups Future Work Lasiograptids Dicranograptids Orthograptids

  20. Acknowledgments NSF Grant Ear - 0106844

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