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Safety Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 1137 McGill, Nevada 89318-9900

Safety Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 1137 McGill, Nevada 89318-9900. 775-235-7711 www.safety-industries.com. Natural Laws. 1. Kinetic Energy: This is energy in motion. Kinetic energy increases with mass (weight of vehicle) and velocity (speed vehicle is traveling).

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Safety Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 1137 McGill, Nevada 89318-9900

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  1. Safety Industries, Inc.P.O. Box 1137McGill, Nevada 89318-9900 775-235-7711 www.safety-industries.com

  2. Natural Laws • 1. Kinetic Energy: • This is energy in motion. Kinetic energy increases with mass (weight of vehicle) and velocity (speed vehicle is traveling). • Question: How does this scientific law affect you if you are driving a pickup truck with a heavy load? A car going at a high rate of speed? Pulling a loaded trailer? • Answer: It increases stopping distance and will cause a greater collision if involved in an accident.

  3. Natural Laws • 2. Gravity • It is that invisible force that pulls your vehicle toward the ground. • Question: How does gravity affect your vehicle when traveling up hill? • Answer: It will cause your vehicle to slow down. • Question: How does gravity affect your vehicle when traveling down hill? • Answer: It will cause your vehicle to increase speed. • Question: How can you overcome gravity in these situations? • Answer: Accelerate more going up hill and either brake lightly or downshift (causing engine drag) going down hill.

  4. Natural Laws • 3. Center of Gravity • It is another way that gravity affects your vehicle. It is the point on the vehicle around which all weight is equally distributed. • Question: Which vehicle is more likely to turn over in an accident, a small sports car or SUV? • Answer: The SUV. It has a higher COG.

  5. Natural Laws • 4. Friction • It is the resistance between two objects when they rub against each other. • Traction is a form of friction between the road’s surface and the vehicle’s tires. Without traction, a vehicle would not be able to accelerate, turn, or stop. • Question: What types of road surfaces provide the most traction? • Answer: Concrete and pavement. • Question: What types of weather severely hamper traction? • Answer: Rain, snow, and ice.

  6. Natural Laws • Question: What is Hydroplaning? • Answer: Loss of traction caused by a thin sheet of water between the road surface and the vehicle’s tires. • Hydroplaning begins to occur at speeds of 35 MPH or more and tires are more likely to lose all traction at speeds above 50 MPH. • Question: Does the road surface typically become more slippery after a light rain or a heavy rain? • Answer: A light rain. It will bring the grit and oils caught in the road texture to its surface.

  7. Natural Laws • Tips for Driving in a Heavy Rain • 1. Reduce speed. • 2. Drive in the tracks of the vehicle ahead. • 3. Drive on the higher areas of the road surface; not in the “ruts” created by the everyday wear of vehicle tires. • Reminder: Tires also have a profound affect on traction.

  8. Natural Laws • 5. Law of Inertia • An object in motion will remain in motion in a straight line unless some equal or opposite force acts upon it. • Inertia causes the tendency of a vehicle in motion and the people inside the car to resist any change in velocity or direction, e.g. braking or driving in a curve.

  9. Natural Laws • 6. Centrifugal Force • This is a term used to describe the force that tends to push a moving object outward when traveling through a curve. It is actually an extension of the law of inertia.

  10. Natural Laws • 7. Centripetal Force • It is the opposite of Centrifugal Force. It is that force necessary to keep an object, e.g. a car making a turn, in a curved path. • Centripetal force that keeps a vehicle in a curved path is created by the vehicle’s steering system and the friction between the vehicle’s tires and the road surface. • Question: To successfully complete a turn or travel through a curve, which force must be greater, inertia or friction? Why? • Answer: Friction, because inertia will send the vehicle outward in the curve. Friction will allow the traction necessary to allow the steering system to pull the vehicle inward.

  11. Natural Laws • 8. Force of Impact • The force with which a moving vehicle hits another object. • It is determined by three factors: • 1. Speed • 2. Weight of the Vehicle • 3. The stability of the object that the vehicle hits, e.g. a wood fence vs. a brick fence.

  12. Natural Laws • Questions: • 1. Will the Force of Impact be greater if the car was traveling at a speed of 30 MPH or 60 MPH? 60 MPH • 2. Is a driver more likely to be involved in a serious accident if he/she were traveling at 30 MPH or at 60 MPH? 60 MPH • 3. Are there more accidents at speeds of 25 MPH or less or more accidents at speeds over 25 MPH? 25 MPH or Less • 4. Are there more FATAL accidents at speeds of 25 MPH or speeds over 25 MPH? Over 25 MPH

  13. Basic Vehicle Control • 1. Acceleration • Put heal of foot on floorboard and press accelerator with ball of foot. • Drive with shoes that will give the driver the greatest sensitivity and not “catch” on the brake or gas pedal.

  14. Basic Vehicle Control • 2. Braking • When braking in the roadway, the most immediate hazard is behind you. • If the driver needs to make an unexpected stop in traffic, use a pumping action on the brake pedal to warn drivers to your rear. • If stopped in the roadway waiting to make a left turn, keep your tires pointed straight ahead. • If hit from the rear, be prepared to re-apply your brakes. • When stopped behind another vehicle in traffic, leave enough space between you and the vehicle ahead so you can see the rear wheels of the vehicle ahead touching the road surface. • When stopped at an intersection: look left, center, right, and one last glace back to the left.

  15. Basic Vehicle Control • 3. Tracking • Hold steering wheel on opposite sides of the wheel, e.g. 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock. • Aim 12-15 seconds down the road. That is equivalent to one city block or ¼ mile. • Make steering adjustments slight. • Check mirrors frequently, but never more than 2 seconds at a time. • Use hand-over-hand motion on top of the steering wheel to turn. • Accelerate to flow of traffic coming out of turns.

  16. Basic Vehicle Control • 4. Backing • The slower the better. Start slowly by easing off the brake. Speed magnifies mistakes. • Look through back windshield like it was the front windshield. • Keep head on a “swivel”. Check impact points. • When backing straight, put right hand on back of seat with left hand at 12 o’clock on steering wheel. • When turning, put both hands on steering wheel. • Only look over left shoulder when turning left.

  17. Rules of the Road • General Rules of the Road • 1. Drive to the right of center, except to pass. • 2. Pass to the right of on-coming vehicles. • 3. Pass other vehicles on the left. • 4. Pass only when it is safe to do so. • 5. Allow vehicles gaining on you to pass. • 6. If driving slower than other traffic, drive in the right-hand lane when there is more than one lane. • 7. Signal when intending to reduce speed, stop, turn, change lanes, or pass. • 8. Always drive at a speed that fits the existing conditions.

  18. Rules of the Road • Some Examples of Administrative Laws: • 1. Establishes minimum age limits for driver licenses. • 2. Establishes criteria to acquire driver and motor vehicle licenses. • 3. Regulates minimum equipment. • 4. Establishes a point system.

  19. Rules of the Road • Questions Concerning Other Administrative Laws: • 1. Is acquiring a driver license a Right or a Privilege? • 2. Can a person possess a license from more than one state at a time? • 3. Who can legally drive on public roads without a state license? • 4. What can happen to a driver who “loans” his/her license to another person? • 5. Can the parents of a child with a restricted license be held accountable if that child is charged with driving without a licensed adult in the vehicle? • 6. Should a licensed driver be convicted in court of no driver license if cited for not having the license in their possession at the time the driver was stopped and cited?

  20. Rules of the Road • Traffic Control Signs: • 1.Round is a railroad sign. • 2. Octagon is a stop sign. • 3. Triangle is a yield sign. • 4. Pentagon is a school zone. • 5. Diamond is a warning sign. • 6. Rectangle is an information or regulation sign.

  21. Rules of the Road • Traffic Control Lights: • 1. Red Light • 2. Green Light • 3. Green Arrow • 4. Yellow Light • 5. Yellow Flashing Light • 6. Red Flashing Light • 7. Red/Green “X” Light

  22. Rules of the Road • Traffic Control: Street Markings • 1. Solid yellow line • 2. Broken yellow line • 3. Solid white line • 4. Broken white line • 5. Stopline • 6. Crosswalk • 7. Arrows • 8. “X” • 9. Shared Turn Lane Markings • 10. Red/yellow curb

  23. Rules of the Road • Speed Limits: • 1. Fixed Speed Limits • 2. Flexible Speed Limits • 3. Basic Speed Rule • 4. Overdriving Your Headlights

  24. Rules of the Road • Intersections: • 1. Controlled Intersections • 2. Uncontrolled Intersections • 3. “Blind” Intersections

  25. Rules of the Road • A Legal Stop Consist of… • 1. Vehicle must come to a complete rest prior to reaching the crosswalk or stop line. • 2. Look left, center, right…right, center, left…in a scanning motion. • 3. Yield to pedestrians and cross traffic, including bicycles and motorcycles.

  26. Rules of the Road • Right of Way Rules at Intersections: • 1. Yield to vehicles already in the intersection. • 2. Yield to vehicles that reach the intersection first. • 3. When two or more vehicles approach the intersection at approximately the same time, the vehicle on the left should yield to the vehicle on the right. • 4. Yield to on-coming traffic prior to making a left turn.

  27. Rules of the Road • Other Right-of-Way Rules: • 1. Yield anywhere to pedestrians with white cane or seeing-eye dog. • 2. Vehicles leaving a private drive should yield to pedestrians and traffic on the through street. • 3. When changing lanes, yield to vehicles already in that lane. • 4. Stop for school buses that are loading or unloading. • 5. Yield to the right for emergency vehicles. • 6. Do not cross an intersection unless there is sufficient room on the other side for your car.

  28. Traffic Violations • What To Do If Stopped by Police: • 1. Pull over to right and stop in a safe location. • 2. Keep hands in view; preferably on steering wheel. • 3. Demonstrate a polite attitude.

  29. Traffic Violations • What are police officer’s options: • 1. Issue a citation. • 2. Issue a citation and take the driver’s license for security. • 3. Require driver to post bond immediately. • 4. Make a physical arrest.

  30. Traffic Violations • Question: Is signing a citation an admission of guilt? • Answer: No, it is merely the driver’s agreement to appear in court or post bond before the assigned court date.

  31. Traffic Violations • If issued a citation, what are driver’s Options: • 1. Post bond before court date. • 2. Appear in court and make a plea. a. Guilty b. Not Guilty c. Nolo Contendere

  32. Traffic Violations • If convicted of a traffic offense, what is the driver’s recourse? • 1. Accept the conviction, e.g. pay fine. • 2. Appeal to a higher court. • A. Circuit Court • B. State Court of Appeals • C. State Supreme Court • D. U.S. District Court of Appeals • E. U.S. Supreme Court

  33. Passing Rules & Procedures • Question: Why is passing in an intersection discouraged? • Answer: The driver’s view of cross traffic is blocked.

  34. Passing Rules & Procedures • Overtaking and passing on the right is prohibited, except: • 1. When the vehicle ahead has clearly indicated its intent to make a left turn and there is sufficient room on the improved portion of the roadway to pass on the right. • 2. On a multiple-lane street.

  35. Passing Rules & Procedures • Passing Procedures: • 1. Check the road ahead. (10 seconds) • 2. Check mirrors and blind spots. • 3. Signal. (Use directional signals & horn.) • 4. Gradually change lanes. • 5. Do not linger aside vehicle being passed (know Point of No Return) • 6. After overtaking vehicle, check mirrors. • 7. Signal to re-enter right lane.

  36. Passing Rules & Procedures • Rules for Vehicles Being Passed: • 1. Stay to the right. • 2. Do not speed up.

  37. Rules of the Road: Lane Usage • It is the intent of the Uniform Vehicle Code for slower moving traffic to travel in the right-hand lane(s) and faster moving vehicles to overtake slower vehicles in the left-hand lanes.

  38. Rules of the Road: Lane Usage • Question: How many lanes can a vehicle be in control of at a given time? • Answer: Only one lane…the lane the vehicle is traveling in. Note: It is illegal to cross multiple lanes to enter or exit a multiple lane highway.

  39. Rules of the Road: Lane Usage • Procedures for Changing Lanes: • 1. Check mirrors and blind spots. • 2. Signal intent to change lanes. • 3. Gradually move over.

  40. Rules of the Road: Parking • Some No Parking Rules: • No parking in or within 30’ of an intersection. • Must park within 18” of curb. • No parking next to a curb painted red or yellow. • No parking within 20’ of fire station driveway on the same side of the street or within 75’ of the driveway on the opposite side of the street.

  41. Rules of the Road: Parking • Some General Parking Rules: • 1. Drivers are responsible for parking their vehicle so that it does not create a hazard. • 2. Communicate with other drivers. • 3. Beware of your vehicle’s impact points. • 4. Do not leave the ignition keys in an unattended vehicle. • 5. Always set parking brake.

  42. Rules of the Road: Parking • Parking on a Hill or Incline: • 1. Turn wheels to right, when parking… a. downhill with a curb. b. downhill without a curb. c. uphill without a curb. 2. Turn wheels to left, when parking… a. uphill with a curb.

  43. Rules of the Road: Parking • Three Types of Parking: • 1. Parallel • 2. Angle • 3. Perpendicular

  44. Rules of the Road: Turns • Some General Rules for Turns: • 1. Signal 100’ prior to turn • 2. Position your vehicle in correct lane (lane nearest your turn) well in advance of your turn. • 3. Turn into the nearest lane. • 4. Watch for pedestrians legally in crosswalk. • 5. Where turns are permitted from more than one lane, turn into the corresponding lane. • 6. Upon completing turn, speed up to the flow of traffic.

  45. Rules of the Road: Turns • When making a turn into a private drive or business, for example, just beyond an intersection, the driver may need to postpone giving a signal until his/her vehicle clears the intersection.

  46. Rules of the Road: Turns • When making a turn just beyond a hill or curve, initiate signal in advance of cresting the hill or rounding the curve, regardless of the distance to the turn.

  47. Rules of the Road: Turns • When stopped in traffic waiting to make a left turn, keep your front wheels pointed straight ahead. • Note: If struck from the rear while stopped in traffic, be prepared to re-apply your brake immediately.

  48. Rules of the Road: Turns • It is illegal to cross a parking lot or other private property to avoid a traffic light or sign.

  49. Rules of the Road: Turns • It is legal to turn into a center turn lane from a private drive, alley, or parking lot, but it is illegal to use the center lane as an acceleration lane.

  50. Rules of the Road: Turns • Types of Turnabouts: • 1. U-Turn • 2. Bootleg Turn • 3. Day Turn • 4. Night Turn • 5. Y-Turn

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