Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 The Progressive Presidents 1900 - 1920

2. REFORMING GOVERNMENT • Political Machines demanded bribes from anyone wanting to do business with city government • Political Machines were favorable to business intereststax breaks, favorable legislation, etc. • They demanded campaign contributions Problems: Political corruption at all levels of govt.

3. Reformers wanted to restore honest government and give power back to the people.

4. Election Reforms Give power to the people to solve the problems of American life.

5. 17th Amendment • passed in 1912, provided for the direct election of US senators by the people instead of the statelegislatureswho were too easily controlled by machines Direct Primary A nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who will later run in a general election. Wisconsin started in 1903, most other states by 1916. • Secret Ballot • Developed in Australia, all candidates were listed on a single sheet instead of separate distinctly colored ballots. Most states had switched by 1910.

6. Reforms to give people ways to influence public policy Initiative Gives voters the power to introduce legislation. If enough voters petition their legislature to enact a measure, the legislature must consider it.

7. Recall • Enables voters to remove an elected official from office by calling for a new, special election. • Power to the people Referendum Companion to initiative, voters can force the legislature to place a measure on the ballot. Allows citizens to vote on recently proposed or existing law

8. Reforming City Government “Those skilled in business management & social service should run municipal affairs on a business basis.” Corruption had become too costly Most cities had been ruled by mayor & city council made up of aldermans who were elected from wards. Political machines prospered under this because it was easily corrupted.

9. Led to “Good Government Campaigns” Ex. Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones served as mayor of Toledo 1897- 1904. Overhauled the municipal system.- Police, Fire, water, trash, etc. Believed in the Biblical Golden Rule- “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” Ex. Tom Johnson, was a businessman, mayor of Cleveland, worked to cut ties with political machines.

10. Event: Galveston hurricane 1900, killed approx 6000. - traditional city government were unable to cope with disaster Citycommissionwas formed by Texas Legislature, was composed of experts in their field to improve efficiency and honesty

11. Reforming State Government • Wisconsin Idea • - Use of the Direct primary • - Increased taxes on RR’s & public utilities and created commissions to regulate them • - Curbed public lobbying and campaign contributions; increased conservation In 1900, Wisconsin Gov. Robert LaFollette’s reforms to government - Wisconsin was then called the “laboratory of democracy.”

12. TRUST BUSTER

13. Pres. McKinley assassinated on Sept. 6, 1901

14. VP Teddy Roosevelt becomes [youngest] president. • Forceful, dynamic personality- “a roaring tornado of a man” • Believed in using the office of presidency as a • “Bully Pulpit” • - exerting his beliefs to influence policies

15. 1902 PA Coal Strike Miners wanted higher wages & recognition of the United Mine Workers union. Owners (RR co’s.) did not negotiate TR proposed arbitration(letting a 3rd party settle the dispute) Mine owners refused; TR threatened federal take over mines. Mine owners backed down. Compromise was reached. - LANDMARK settlement

16. FOR THE FIRST TIME the fed government got involved to protect the interests of the public the workers AND

17. “SQUARE DEAL” TR’s campaign slogan 1904 Every man has a square deal, no less, no more Goal: Balancing the interests of labor, business, and consumers. Limit the power of trusts, promote public health & safety, improving working conditions.

18. REGULATING BUSINESS Trustbusting 1902 US government sued Northern Securities Co. (J.P. Morgan) for monopolizing RR shipping in the northwest. 1904 Supreme Court ruled (using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act) in US government’s favor & ordered the corporation to be dissolved. TR went on to file 44 suits against “BAD” trusts. - not the size of the trust, but whether the trust was bad for the public as a whole.

19. Teddy Trust-Buster

20. R.R. regulation -Interstate Commerce Commission gained great power with the passage of: -Elkins Act 1903 which forbade shippers from accepting rebates. (money given back to shippers in return for business) -Hepburn Act 1906 authorized the ICC to set RR rates & to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce.

21. Protecting the Consumer -Food and Drug industries were producing dangerous products Enacting of Consumer Protection Laws Meat Inspection Act 1906 required govt inspection of meat shipped from one state to another Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients. Also required content labels on bottles.

22. Protecting the Environment -Business always more important than environment -Newlands Reclamation Act 1902 allowed money from the sales of public land to be used for irrigation and reclamation (making damaged land productive again).

23. Environment (cont.) -Withdrew sale of millions of acres of public land -Creation of National Parks and animal sanctuaries -Created the National Conservation Commission to study natural resource issues and to the establishment of conservation agencies in 41 states.

24. REFORM UNDER TAFT 1908 - 1912

25. Election 1908 William Howard Taft TR chooses not to run He names/supports his friend and Secretary of War as successor Wins by huge margin

26. - Stressed the limitations of the president Worked to secure Roosevelt’s reforms rather than build upon them Chief Executive (later Chief Justice)

27. Trust Buster?? 90 vs. 44 Taft vs. TR

28. Mann – Elkins Act1910 Extends regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to telephone and telegraph companies

29. Supported Conservation programs Dept. of Labor established Mine safety laws passed 8 hr workday for companies doing business with the federal gov’t. Hilda L. Solis

30. 16th Amendment Proposed in 1909; Ratified 1913 Graduated Income Tax (based on individual income) Funded needed gov’t programs in fair manner

31. Taft loses support of Progressives • Pinchot – Ballinger Affair • Taft fired Gifford Pinchot, head of the U.S. Forest Service, for speaking out against Taft’s pro-business Sect. of the Interior, Richard Ballinger, who approved the sale of Alaskan timberland to the Coal Industry. He supports Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909 over Progressive protests

32. TR sided with his friend, Pinchot He campaigned for Progressive Republicans who were running against Conservative (Taft) Republicans

33. New Nationalism Bold program of social legislation calling for tough laws to protect workers ensure public health regulate business Government must become the “steward of the public welfare.” New Nationalism is a revival of the progressive spirit.

34. REPUBLICANS • TR won almost all primaries, including Ohio • Conservatives controlled the Convention • Taft received Republican nomination Conservatives vs. Progressives TR and supporters formed Progressive Party “Bull Moose Party”

35. Election 1912 • New Freedom • Wilson’s Reform Program • Revival of small business • Free from the control of big business and government • Rid the “system” of corruption so free competition could flourish Woodrow Wilson Progressive Democrat

38. Underwood Tariff Act1913 Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 Clarified and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act Reduced tariffs to lowest levels in 50 years

39. Federal Trade Commission Authorized to investigate corporations “Police Action” Used courts to enforce rulings

40. 1. Federal Reserve Board • Appointed by the president • Runs the system Federal Reserve Act • 12 Federal Reserve banks • Mixed public and private control • “bankers’ banks” Creates 3 Level Banking System • Private banks • Borrow from the Federal Reserve Banks at interest rates set by the board

41. Keating-Owen Child Labor Act 1916 • Outlawed interstate sale of products produced by child labor • Declared unconstitutional because it restricted commerce Federal Farm Loan Act Adamson Act Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act

42. National AmericanWomen Suffrage Association Founded in 1890 Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton Non-partisan local approach Later led by Carrie Chapman Catt

43. National Women’s Party Broke from NAWSA in 1913 Alice Paul Involved in National Politics Attention-getting protests/arrests

46. 19th Amendment Women suffrage 1920