The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun. Predicting: How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning. - The Plant Kingdom Water Loss in Plants

Key Terms: Key Terms: Key Terms: Examples: Examples: Examples: nonvascular plant cuticle sporophyte gametophyte vascular tissue vascular plant chlorophyll fertilization zygote - The Plant Kingdom Building Vocabulary • A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. Key Terms: Examples: photosynthesis Plants that lack a well-developed system of tubes for transporting water and other materials are known as nonvascular plants. Sunlight provides the energy for this food-making process, called photosynthesis. One adaptation that helps a plant reduce water loss is a waxy, waterproof layer called the cuticle, which covers the leaves of most plants. In the sporophyte stage, the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms. tissue No matter how large or small a plant is, its cells are organized into tissues—groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism. In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and egg cells. Vascular tissue is a system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water, minerals, andfood move. Plants with true vascular tissue are called vascular plants. chloroplast Chloroplasts, which look something like green jelly beans, are the structures in which food is made. Biologists studied a green pigment called chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell. vacuole A vacuole is a large storage sac that can expand and shrink like a balloon. A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

End of Section:The Plant Kingdom

- Photosynthesis and Light The Photosynthesis Process • In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make sugar • and oxygen from • carbon dioxide and water.

- Photosynthesis and Light Previewing Visuals • Preview Figure 9. Then write three questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Water Vascular System Q. How is sunlight involved in photosynthesis? A. The energy in sunlight is used to make sugar. Q. Why does a plant need sugar? A. The plant uses energy from the sugar to carry out life functions. Q. How does the plant use the water its roots take in? A. Water molecules combine with carbon dioxide to form sugar and oxygen during photosynthesis

End of Section:Photosynthesis and Light

- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Mosses • A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has structures that look like roots, stems, and leaves. The stalklike sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.

- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Identifying Main Ideas • As you read this section, write the main idea–the biggest or most important idea–in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Nonvascular plants include… Detail Detail Detail Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Links on Nonvascular Plants • Click the SciLinks button for links on • nonvascular plants.

End of Section:Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants • Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails share two characteristics. They have true vascular tissue and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.

- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Ferns • Most ferns have underground stems in addition to roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what, how, or where question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails Question Answer What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue; they do not produce seeds; they reproduce by releasing spores. How do ferns reproduce? Ferns reproduce by spores that form on the underside of their fronds. How do club mosses differ from true mosses? Club mosses have vascular tissue.

End of Section:Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

Graphic Organizer Characteristic Moss Fern Size Small and low Can be tall Environment Moist Moist Rootlike, stemlike, leaflike structures True roots, stems, and leaves Body parts Familiar generation Gametophyte Sporophyte Is true vascular tissue present? No Yes

End of Section:Graphic Organizer

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