Boundless Teaching Platform - Engaging Educators and Empowering Students

1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

4. Looking at Microbes Microscopy Light Microscopy Other Types of Microscopy ] Microscopy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Microscopy > Looking at Microbes Looking at Microbes • Microbe Size • Units of Measurement for Microbes • Refraction and Magnification • Magnification and Resolution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microscopy-3/looking-at-microbes-28/

6. Microscopy > Light Microscopy Light Microscopy • Microscopy • General Staining Methods Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microscopy-3/light-microscopy-29/

7. Microscopy > Other Types of Microscopy Other Types of Microscopy • Dark-Field Microscopy • Phase-Contrast Microscopy • Interference Microscopy • Fluorescence Microscopy • Confocal Microscopy • Electron Microscopy • Scanned-Probe Microscopy • X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microscopy-3/other-types-of-microscopy-30/

8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

9. Microscopy Key terms • airy disksIn optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best-focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture can make, limited by the diffraction of light. • autofluorescenceSelf-induced fluorescence • Bragg's equationGives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. • concaveCurved like the inner surface of a sphere or bowl. • condenserA lens (or combination of lenses) designed to gather light and focus it onto a specimen or part of a mechanism. • convexCurved or bowed outward like the outside of a bowl or sphere or circle. • crystallographyThe experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. • diffractionthe breaking up of an electromagnetic wave as it passes a geometric structure (e.g., a slit), followed by reconstruction of the wave by interference • electronThe subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity. • electron beama stream of electrons observed in vacuum tubes. • flow cytometryA technique used to sort and classify cells by using fluorescent markers on their surface. • fluorochromeAny of various fluorescent dyes used to stain biological material before microscopic examination Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

10. Microscopy • genomeThe complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism, typically expressed in the number of basepairs. • halogenany element of group 7, i.e. fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine, which form a salt by direct union with a metal • macroscopicVisible to the unassisted eye. • micrometerAn SI/MKS unit of measure, the length of one one-millionth of a meter. Symbols: µm, um, rm • organellea specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g., ribosomes, vacuoles) • photobleachingThe destruction of a photochemical fluorescence by high-intensity light • photomultiplier tubeA vacuum tube that detects ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared light and multiplies it 100 million times. • protozoanAny of the diverse group of eukaryotes, of the phylum Protozoa, that are primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic, and are often classified further into phyla according to their capacity for and means of motility, as by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia. • refractive indexthe ratio of the speed of light in air or vacuum to that in another medium. • resolutionThe degree of fineness with which an image can be recorded or produced, often expressed as the number of pixels per unit of length (typically an inch). • specularPertaining to mirrors; mirror-like, reflective. • surfactanta surface active agent, or wetting agent, capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid; typically organic compounds having a hydrophilic "head" and a hydrophobic "tail" Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

11. Microscopy Ventricaria ventricosa Ventricaria ventricosa is one of the largest known unicellular organisms. They about the size of a ping pong ball. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Ventricaria ventricosa."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ventricaria_ventricosa.JPGView on Boundless.com

12. Microscopy Bacterial Growth Curve This chart shows the logarithmic growth of bacteria. Note the Y-axis scale is logarithmic meaning that the number represents doubling. The phases of growth are labelled on top. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bacterial growth."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growthView on Boundless.com

13. Microscopy Visualization of live bacteria Spirochetes bacteria observed under dark field microscopy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Leptospirosis darkfield."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leptospirosis_darkfield.jpgView on Boundless.com

14. Microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Phase-contrast image of a cheek epithelial cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Cheek cell phase contrast."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cheek_cell_phase_contrast.jpgView on Boundless.com

15. Microscopy Light and Electron Microscopes (a) Most light microscopes used in a college biology lab can magnify cells up to approximately 400 times and have a resolution of about 200 nanometers. (b) Electron microscopes provide a much higher magnification, 100,000x, and a have a resolution of 50 picometers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Studying Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44405/latest/Figure_04_01_01ab_new.jpgView on Boundless.com

16. Microscopy Chlamydia Stain Cells of the bacterial pathogen chlamydia (indicated by arrows) are highlighted by a stain called "geimsa. " Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Chlamydia Geimsa Stain CDC."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chlamydia_Geimsa_Stain_CDC.jpgView on Boundless.com

17. Microscopy Confocal Microscopy Tetrahymena cell, visualized using GFP-labeled anti-beta tubulin antibodies under confocal microscopy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Tetrachimena Beta Tubulin."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrachimena_Beta_Tubulin.pngView on Boundless.com

18. Microscopy Refraction As the light is reflected off the pencil we see that, due to the different refraction indexes of water and air, the pencil appears to bend in the water. However, the pencil is straight. It is actually the water acting much like a lens in a microscope that gives it the appearance of bending. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Refraction."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Refraction.jpgView on Boundless.com

19. Microscopy Electron microscope A modern electron microscope Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electron Microscope."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_Microscope.jpgView on Boundless.com

20. Microscopy Fluorescent cells. Fixed endothelial cells stained with fluorescent dyes. Nuclei are stained blue with DAPI, microtubules are stained green by an antibody bound to FITC and actin filaments are labelled red with phalloidin bound to TRITC. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."FluorescentCells."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FluorescentCells.jpgView on Boundless.com

21. Microscopy The Microscope Notice the blue areas, which represent lenses. Note also that many of the lenses are convex, thus the light that goes through a specimen is focused and therefore magnified. Labels: A) Ocular, B) Objective, C) slide holder, D) Illumination Lenses, E) Slide Stage, and F) Illumination Mirror Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Microscope-letters."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microscope-letters.svgView on Boundless.com

22. Microscopy Scanning tunneling microscopy Schematic diagram of a scanning tunneling microscope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."ScanningTunnelingMicroscope schematic."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScanningTunnelingMicroscope_schematic.pngView on Boundless.com

23. Microscopy Path of light in differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) Two parallel light beams pass through the specimen and combine to produce an image. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."DIC Light Path."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DIC_Light_Path.pngView on Boundless.com

24. Microscopy A Microbe versus Animal Cell The large spheres are tick cells. The purple bars and dots are the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, which is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rickettsia rickettsii is a small bacterium that grows inside the cells of its hosts. These bacteria range in size from 0.2 x 0.5 micrometers to 0.3 x 2.0 micrometers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Rickettsia rickettsii."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Microscopy Aging Tissue and Vision Loss These are micrographs of a section of a human eye. Using computer algorithms and other technology the panel on the right has a higher resolution and is therefore clearer. It should be noted that both panels are at the same magnification, yet the panel on the right has a higher resolution and gives more information on the sample. The labels represent various parts of the human eye: Bruch membrane (B); choroid (C); retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); and retinal rod cells (R). The scale bar is 2um. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Opthalmology AMD Super Resolution Cremer."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opthalmology_AMD_Super_Resolution_Cremer.pngView on Boundless.com

26. Microscopy Structure determination by X-ray crystallography X-ray diffraction analysis workflow. In an X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer and gradually rotated while being bombarded with X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections. The two-dimensional images taken at different rotations are converted into a three-dimensional model of the density of electrons within the crystal using the mathematical method of Fourier transforms, combined with chemical data known for the sample. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."X ray diffraction."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X_ray_diffraction.pngView on Boundless.com

27. Microscopy Attribution • Wikipedia."Dark field microscopy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_field_microscopy • Wiktionary."condenser."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condenser • Wikipedia."Geometrical optics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics%23Refraction • Wikipedia."Geometrical optics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics%23Refraction • Wikipedia."Geometrical optics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics%23Refraction • Wikipedia."Geometrical optics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics%23Refraction • Wiktionary."specular."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/specular • Wiktionary."convex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/concave • Wikipedia."photomultiplier tube."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photomultiplier%20tube • Wikipedia."Confocal microscope."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscope • Wikipedia."electron beam."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electron%20beam • Wikipedia."Electron microscope."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope • Wikipedia."Phase contrast microscopy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_contrast_microscopy • Wiktionary."refractive index."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/refractive_index • Wikipedia."Fluorescence microscope."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope • Wiktionary."autofluorescence."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autofluorescence Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

28. Microscopy • Wiktionary."halogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halogen • Wikipedia."Chlorophyta."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyta • Wiktionary."protozoan."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protozoan • Wiktionary."macroscopic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macroscopic • Wikimedia."Rickettsia rickettsii."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg • Wikipedia."Staining."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining • Wikipedia."Staining."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining • Wikipedia."Staining."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining • Wiktionary."organelle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/organelle • Wiktionary."surfactant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surfactant • Wikipedia."Scanning probe microscopy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy • Wiktionary."micrometer."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/micrometer • Wikipedia."Microscopic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic • Wikipedia."Microscopic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic • Wikipedia."Microscopic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic • Wikipedia."Bacterial growth."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growth • Wiktionary."flow cytometry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flow_cytometry • Wiktionary."genome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genome • Wikipedia."Optical microscope."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope%23Surpassing_the_resolution_limit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

29. Microscopy • Wikipedia."Optical resolution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution • Wikipedia."Optical resolution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution • Wiktionary."diffraction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diffraction • Wikipedia."airy disks."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/airy%20disks • Wikipedia."Magnification."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnification • Wikipedia."Differential interference contrast microscopy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference_contrast_microscopy • Wikipedia."Classical interference microscopy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_interference_microscopy • Wikipedia."Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_interference_contrast_microscopy • Wiktionary."photobleaching."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photobleaching • Wiktionary."fluorochrome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fluorochrome • Wikipedia."X-ray crystallography."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography • Wikipedia."Bragg's equation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg's%20equation • Wikipedia."X-ray crystallography."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography%23Data_analysis • Wiktionary."crystallography."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crystallography • Wiktionary."electron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron • Wiktionary."resolution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resolution • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44405/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com