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HEAT ENERGY TRANSFER AND AIR TEMPERATURE

Explore the intricate interrelationships between Sun & Earth, Atmosphere & Geosphere, and key elements shaping weather and climate. Learn about solar energy, heat transfer, temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation, air masses, and fronts in this comprehensive guide.

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HEAT ENERGY TRANSFER AND AIR TEMPERATURE

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  1. HEAT ENERGY TRANSFERAND AIR TEMPERATURE

  2. As we have seen, Earth’s Weather and Climate are the results of the intricate interrelationships between the Earth and the Sun, and between the components of our Atmosphere and Geosphere:

  3. And we considered the definitions of Weather and Climate • Weather: refers to the condition of atmospheric elements at a given time, and for a specific area. • Climate: average of weather conditions • for 30+ years (including atmospheric • anomalies).

  4. Now, Let’s Recall the • 5+ Basic Elements of the Atmosphere • – the main ingredients of weather and climate • -- Also called Elements of Weather and Climate • In this segment, we’ll discuss the first two elements: • Solar Energy • -- Insolation and Heat Energy Transfer • Temperature • Pressure • Wind • Precipitation • + Air Masses (and Fronts)

  5. We also asked the obvious question: • How does Insolation relate to Heat Energy Transfer and to Weather and Climate phenomena on Earth?

  6. Heating the Atmosphere: • Creation of atmospheric warmth depends on: • the 47% of insolation reaching Earth’s surface (on both land and water); and • the transfer of heat energy from Earth back to the Atmosphere. • Heat and Temperature • Heat is the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up a substance; it is a form of energy that flows from one system or object to another due to temperature difference. • Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the individual molecules of a substance. • Heat is measured in Calories per gram • Temperature in Fahrenheit , Celsius or Kelvin scales. • Heat and temperature are related because changes in temperature are caused by the absorption or emission of heat energy.

  7. Processes of Heat Energy Transfer • Basically, absorption or emission of heat energy – • creates and maintains atmospheric warmth • fosters a redistribution and balancing of global temperatures • And these desired results are accomplished through a number of physical Processes: • Radiation: electromagnetic energy transferred from the sun (shortwave solar radiation), and through Earth radiation • (long-wave infrared radiation). • Conduction:Heat flows from hotter to colder • body to equalize temperature, as along the • interface of atmosphere and Earth’s surface • [But this process is less significant because • air is not a good conductor of heat]

  8. Convection:vertical transfer of heat through the atmosphere and ocean, in the form of convection currents Advection: horizontal heat transfer, e.g., from Equator to Polar regions, through wind and ocean currents • Latent Heat:Heat released or absorbed during a phase • Change; “Latent” since heat is not felt Latent Heat of Evaporation → Water Vapor (traps Heat) ↓ Latent Heat of Condensation → Water droplets (releases heat) plays a major role in energy transfer within the Earth System; the power of all severe weather is supplied by this process.

  9. 6+ Controls of Temperature • Often called Factors of Weather and Climate • Latitude • Altitude/Elevation • Cloud Cover • Land and Water Distribution • Ocean Currents • Landform Barriers • + Human Activity – Destruction of forests, • creation of reservoirs, urbanization • (“Urban Heat Islands”)

  10. 1. Latitude • World distribution of insolation Which zones have the greatest and least annual variation in insolation? Why?

  11. 2. Altitude/Elevation

  12. 3. Cloud Cover Why do desert regions have large diurnal temperature variations?

  13. 4. Land and Water Distribution

  14. Marine and Continental Effects ? San Francisco and Wichita San Diego and Dallas

  15. 5. Ocean Currents Broad Oceanic Circulation Patterns - Gyres

  16. Short-term Variations in Temperature, • due to: • Annual and Diurnal variations in Insolation • Cloud Cover – about 50% average cloud cover – cooler days, warmer nights • Differential Heating of Land and Water – Maritime vs. Continental locations • Reflection– albedo – high in snow and ice, • low in forest cover • Horizontal Air Movement Variations in Temperature

  17. 2. Vertical Distribution of Temperature, • reflected in: • Normal Lapse Rate • (3.6oF/1000 ft) • Temperature Inversions, • e.g., in coastal areas, as in L.A. • Surface Inversions • – in hilly areas – Fog and Frost

  18. 3.Global Temperature Distribution manifested through: Isotherm Maps Temperature Gradient and Annual March of Temperatures Climographs Average January Temperature Average July Temperature

  19. Annual Temperature Range

  20. Annual March of Temperatures (Climographs)

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