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AVIATION 120

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AVIATION 120

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    1. AVIATION 120 Meteorology

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    4. Todays Agenda AIRMET Introduction Weather conditions for which AIRMETs are issued Issuing Procedures Format Numbering Updating/Correcting/Canceling Relationship to GFA and SIGMET Example AIRMETs SIGMET Introduction Weather conditions for which SIGMETs are issued Issuing Procedures Format Numbering Updating/Correcting/Canceling Relationship to GFA and AIRMET Example SIGMETs

    5. AIRMET - Introduction Refer to AIM 3.4 and MANAIR Chapter 6 for detailed information An AIRMET is a short-term weather advisory intended primarily for aircraft in flight, to notify pilots of potentially hazardous weather conditions not described in the current GFA and not requiring a SIGMET Purpose is to ensure dissemination of significant meteorological changes to pilots after pre-flight briefing or departure and to automatically amend the GFA Primarily intended to be used for ground-to-air communication, so clarity and brevity are essential Each WMO shall prepare and transmit AIRMETs for its area of responsibility:

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    7. Weather conditions for which an AIRMET is issued IMC conditions (BKN or OVC cloud condition at less than 1000 AGL and/or visibility less than 3 SM Freezing precipitation (not requiring a SIGMET) Moderate icing (not associated with convective clouds) Moderate turbulence (not associated with convective clouds) Thunderstorms (unorganized) The surface mean wind over a large area increases to 20 KT or more, or an increase in gusts to 30 KT or more, when lighter winds were originally forecast The difference between the forecast and observed wind direction is greater than 60 degrees The difference between the forecast and observed wind speed is greater than 20 knots if winds were originally forecast

    8. Issuing Procedures Lead time: AIRMETs shall be issued as soon as at least one of the weather criteria previously listed is reported or expected to occur during the period of coverage of the current GFA Period of Validity: An AIRMET is valid until it is updated, cancelled or until the next regular GFA is issued, whichever comes first Language: AIRMETs shall be worded in abbreviated plain English Units: Except for height, units must be explicitly stated Heights are stated in hundreds of feet without specifying FT Wind Directions are degrees true using 3 digits Distance in NM Visibility in SM Times in UTC Speed in knots Transmission: Issuing centres are responsible for inputting AIRMETs to the EC national communication system, while NAV CANADA is responsible for disseminating them to pilots

    9. AIRMET Format WACN31 CWLW 191815 (Telecommunication Header ) AIRMET B1 ISSUED AT 1811Z CWLW- (AIRMET Heading ) AMEND GFACN31 CWUL 191745 ISSUE (GFA Reference) WTN AREA BOUNDED BY /5058N11635W/60 E REVELSTOKE - /5228N11811W/90 N REVELSTOKE - /5036N11844W/30 SW REVELSTOKE - /5058N11635W/60 E REVELSTOKE. BANDS EMBD TCU 150 LCL 1/2-2SM SHRA BR OBSCD CIG 5 AGL. BECMG 21Z 60 BKN TCU 150 3-P6SM -SHRA BR CIG 10-15 AGL. END/KAL (End Line/forecasters initials) Text The fourth and subsequent lines (except the last) contain the text of the message Order of Content Area Coverage (always first in the text section) The meteorological phenomenon Forecast or observed, if applicable Flight levels or layers affected, if applicable Type of aircraft reporting the phenomenon, if applicable Expected movement or duration, if applicable Expected development or dissipation, if applicable

    10. Numbering AIRMETs AIRMETs shall be alphanumerically numbered (e.g. A1) AIRMETs issued by the same office for different phenomena shall be labeled with a different letter (e.g. A1, B1, C1 etc.) When two or more criteria for issuing an AIRMET are met and they are produced by the same weather phenomenon and occurring within the same GFA area, then a single AIRMET summarizing the situation will be sufficient When a single weather phenomenon occurs or is expected to occur over two different GFA areas, two AIRMETS shall be issued and will be identified by different telecommunication headers. Each AIRMET will amend its corresponding GFA If a phenomenon for which an AIRMET was issued moves from one GFA area to another, the first must be cancelled and a new one issued for the new GFA area being affected. In this case the new AIRMET must have a new header corresponding to the new GFA area and a different alphanumeric signature

    11. Updating/Correcting/Cancelling AIRMETs AIRMETs are not updated on a regular basis like SIGMETs Normally updated by issuance of a new GFA May have to be updated when a weather situation as described by an AIRMET is no longer valid or is expected to change significantly before the next regular GFA is issued If an error was made in an AIRMET, the correction will be issued as an update using the standard format and numbering scheme Normally, AIRMETs are automatically cancelled and no longer broadcast when the next regular GFA is issued When a weather condition described in an AIRMET does not occur, or ends significantly earlier than forecast and before the next regular GFA is issued, the AIRMET shall be cancelled If the phenomenon for which an AIRMET was issued was forecast to end prior to the issuance of the next regular GFA, then no cancellation is necessary WACN31 CWLW 191915 AIRMET B1 CNCLD AT 1915Z CWLW- BANDS EMBD TCU DISPTG END/KAL AIRMET is cancelled if the weather phenomenon for which it was issued deteriorates such that a SIGMET must be issued

    12. Relationship with GFA and SIGMET An AIRMET is the only tool for amending a GFA AIRMETS, as do SIGMETS correspond to ONE GFA area only SIGMET is a short term weather warning intended for aircraft in flight, to notify pilots of potentially hazardous weather conditions AIRMET on the other hand, is also intended for aircraft in flight, but to notify pilots of non-forecast potentially hazardous weather situations in which the level of danger is not great enough to issue a SIGMET, but requires the amendment of the GFA if not originally forecast AIRMETs may be cancelled and a SIGMET issued to replace it SIGMETs may be cancelled and an AIRMET issued to replace it if the weather phenomenon was not forecast in the GFA SIGMETs and AIRMETs may be issued for the same phenomena of differing intensity and covering part of the same area (e.g. AIRMET covers widespread MDT turbulence while SIGMET covers an area within that of SVR turbulence)

    13. Example AIRMETs

    14. Example AIRMETs (cont.)

    15. SIGMET - Introduction Refer to AIM 3.18 and MANAIR Chapter 5 for detailed information A SIGMET is a short-term weather warning intended primarily for aircraft in flight, to notify pilots of potentially hazardous weather conditions up to and including 60 000 (70hPa/60000) Primarily intended to be used for ground-to-air communication, so clarity and brevity are essential Each MWO shall prepare and transmit SIGMETs for its area of responsibility

    16. Weather conditions for which a SIGMET is issued By international agreement, the list of phenomena requiring SIGMETs is limited to the most serious hazards which are of vital importance to all types of aircraft. As a result, the list does not include phenomena which are significant only to light aircraft or to VFR operations The following phenomena require a SIGMET: Area of active thunderstorms (not issued for SCT, unorganized TS) Line of thunderstorms Severe squall line (poses a hazard to aviation. Squalls 40 KT) Hurricane/tropical storm Moderate or heavy hail Severe turbulence (not associated with convective cloud) Severe icing (not associated with convective cloud) Marked mountain waves Widespread sand or dust storm Volcanic Ash cloud Low Level wind shear Tornado or waterspout

    17. Issuing Procedures Lead time: SIGMETs shall be issued whenever at least one of the phenomena previously listed is reported or is expected to occur within the next four hours. However a SIGMET for volcanic ash cloud should be issued, whenever possible, up to 12 hours before the beginning of its period of coverage Period of Coverage: Shall not exceed 4 hours International Coordination: When volcanic ash approaches within 60NM of the Canada-USA border, the regional forecast office issuing the SIGMET is required to coordinate the content of the SIGMET with the Aviation Weather Centre in Kansas City or Anchorage Language: SIGMETs shall be worded in abbreviated plain English Units: Except for height, units must be explicitly stated Heights are stated in hundreds of feet without specifying FT Wind Directions are degrees true using 3 digits Distance in NM Visibility in SM Times in UTC Speed in knots Transmission: Issuing centres are responsible for inputting SIGMETs to the EC national communication system, while NAV CANADA is responsible for disseminating them to pilots

    18. SIGMET Format WSCN33 CWTO 191527 (Telecommunication Header ) SIGMET B3 VALID 191525/191925 CWTO- (SIGMET Heading ) WTN AREA BOUNDED BY /4539N07540W/20 N OTTAWA - /4409N07937W/30 N TORONTO - /4216N08258W/WINDSOR - /4256N07844W/BUFFALO - /4539N07540W/20 N OTTAWA. AREA OF OCNL SEV MECH TURB BLO FL030 ASOCTD WITH LLJ OF 75KT. AREA MOVG NWD 10KT. LTL CHG. END/1/MAG/YGM/LAK (End Line/forecasters initials) Text The third and subsequent lines (except the last) contain the text of the message Order of Content Area Coverage (always first in the text section) The meteorological phenomenon Forecast or observed, if applicable Flight levels or layers affected, if applicable Type of aircraft reporting the phenomenon, if applicable Expected movement or duration, if applicable Expected development, if applicable (INTSFYG, WKNG, NO CHNG) Tendency beyond period of coverage, if applicable

    19. Numbering SIGMETs SIGMETs shall be alphanumerically numbered (e.g. A1) SIGMETs issued by the same office for different phenomena shall be labeled with a different letter (e.g. A1, B1, C1 etc.) When a single weather phenomenon meeting SIGMET criteria occurs or is expected to occur over two different GFA areas, two separate SIGMETS shall be issued and will be identified by different telecommunication headers. Each SIGMET will amend its corresponding GFA and different alphanumeric signature. These SIGMETs will also be updated and canceled within their corresponding GFA areas If a phenomenon for which a SIGMET was issued moves from one GFA area to another, the first must be cancelled and a new one issued for the new GFA area being affected. In this case the new SIGMET must have a new header corresponding to the new GFA area and a different alphanumeric signature

    20. Updating/Correcting/Cancelling SIGMETs An updated SIGMET, when issued, shall automatically cancel the previous SIGMET in the same series (i.e. the previous SIGMET with the same letter) A SIGMET shall be updated at least one hour before the end of its period of coverage, but may be updated earlier by a forecaster If an error was made in a SIGMET, the correction will be issued as an update using the standard format and numbering scheme If the weather phenomenon covered by a currently valid SIGMET does not occur, or has dissipated, the SIGMET shall be canceled: WSCN33 CWTO 191527 SIGMET B3 CNCLD AT 191815 CWTO- TURB DSIPTD EARLIER THEN EXPD. END/1/MAG/YGM/LAK To avoid any misunderstanding, the last SIGMET of any series shall be ended or cancelled by a statement. No SIGMET shall be left to expire by itself

    21. Relationship with GFA and AIRMET As SIGMETs are intended for aircraft in flight who may not have the latest GFA, a SIGMET shall be issued even if the responsible phenomenon was forecast in the GFA During its period of coverage, a SIGMET automatically amends the current GFA Because the SIGMET may be valid for a greater vertical extent then a GFA, it also automatically amends the high level SIGWX Prognostic Chart AIRMETS, as do SIGMETS correspond to ONE GFA area only SIGMET is a short term weather warning intended for aircraft in flight, to notify pilots of potentially hazardous weather conditions AIRMET on the other hand, is also intended for aircraft in flight, but to notify pilots of non-forecast potentially hazardous weather situations in which the level of danger is not great enough to issue a SIGMET, but requires the amendment of the GFA if not originally forecast AIRMETs may be cancelled and a SIGMET issued to replace it SIGMETs may be cancelled and an AIRMET issued to replace it if the weather phenomenon was not forecast in the GFA SIGMETs and AIRMETs may be issued for the same phenomena of differing intensity and covering part of the same area (e.g. AIRMET covers widespread MDT turbulence while SIGMET covers an area within that of SVR turbulence)

    22. Example SIGMETs

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