Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 The Height of Imperialism (1800 – 1914)

2. Section 1: Colonial Rule inSoutheast Asia • Western expansion into Asia and Africa • Source of industrial raw materials • Market for Western manufactured goods • Source of national prestige • Moral responsibility to civilize the primitive people • convert them to Christianity and introduce them to the benefits of Western democracy and capitalism

3. Great Britain • Founded a new colony on the Malay Peninsula called Singapore • Took control of Burma (known as Myanmar today) • France • Sent missionaries to Vietnam • Internal rivalries divided the country into two separate governments • Territory became a French protectorate

4. Thailand • Only remaining free state in Southeast Asia • Two remarkable rulers resisted Western expansion into their territory by maintaining friendly relations with the major powers • King Mongkut • King Chulalongkorn • Would become a buffer state between the possessions of Britain and France in Southeast Asia

5. Indirect and Direct Rule • Indirect rule • allowed local rulers to maintain their positions of authority while they carried out the laws of imperial country • Lowered the cost of government • Had a less effect on the local culture

6. Direct rule • Local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country

7. Colonial economies • Because colonial powers didn’t want the colonists to develop their own industries • Colonial policy dictated the export of raw materials • It also led to the formation of plantation agriculture owned by foreign investors • Positive note: they built railroads, highways, etc. that benefitted the local people

8. Resistance to Colonial Rule • Many were unhappy with Western rule • Original resistance came from the ruling class • Resistance would eventually lead to peasant revolts • A new urban middle class that was educated in Western style schools would eventually lead massive resistance movements in their countries • This would not happen until the 1930’s **end of notes**

9. Section 2: Empire Building in Africa • By 1900, virtually all of Africa was under European rule. • As the slave trade declined in West Africa, Great Britain and France would establish territories in the interest of peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil. • By 1890’s, slavery had been abolished in all major countries of the world.

10. North Africa • Muhammad Ali seized power from the Ottoman Turks and established Egypt as a separate state. • He modernized the army, set up a public school system, and created small industries. • British became interested in building a canal to connect the Med. Sea to the Red Sea. • Suez Canal was completed in 1869. • Egypt would become a British protectorate in 1914.

11. Central Africa • David Livingstone explored parts of Central Africa for 30 years. • When he disappeared, Henry Stanley (a journalist) went in search of him. • He continued Livingstone’s work when he died in 1873.

12. South Africa • Afrikaners (a.k.a. the Boers), were forced northward when the British seized Cape Town and the surrounding areas in South Africa. • As a result, many natives were put on reservations as the Boers moved northward. • Boers were in constant battle with the Zulu. • Eventually the British would defeat the Zulu.

13. Rise of Nationalism • A new class of leaders emerged as a result of their education in the West. • Many of them came to resent foreigners because it meant a loss of their farmlands as well as loss of jobs on plantations and factories. • Westerners segregated schools, churches, clubs, etc. • They would eventually organize political parties and movements to seek an end to foreign rule. **end of notes**

14. Section 3: British Rule in India • British East India Company • Interfered in India’s political and military affairs • Employed Indian soldiers known as sepoys • They would later revolt because: • of distrust of the British • A rumor that the British were using bullets greased with pig and cow fat • Revolt was crushed within a year

15. Because of the revolt, the British tightened their control in India. • Positive effects: • Brought order and stability to the region • School system created • Railroads, telegraph, and postal system created

16. Negative effects: • British manufactured goods destroyed the local industries • Increased taxes • Loss of farmland • Shortage of food supply because of new farm product – cotton • Disrespect for Indian culture

17. Indian Nationalist Movement • In 1885, a group met in Mumbai and created the Indian National Congress • Goal was to seek India’s independence from British control • In 1915, an individual by the name of Mohandas Gandhi would set up a movement of non-violent resistance. • His actions would eventually lead to India’s independence. **end of notes**

18. Section 4: Nation Building inLatin America • The successful revolution in North America led to the beginning of revolts in Latin America. • Creoles supported legal equality of all people as well as free trade and free press. • They soon denounced the rule of the Spanish and the Portuguese.

19. Revolt in Mexico • Miguel Hidalgo roused the local natives and mestizos to free themselves from Spain. • Sept. 16, 1810, a mob attacked the Spaniards. • Their revolt would be crushed and Hidalgo sentenced to death. • Under Agustin de Iturbide, the Mexicans would declare their independence in 1821.

20. Revolts in South America • Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led revolutions throughout South America. • The Central American states would be free by 1823. (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua) • By the end of 1824, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile would be freed from Spain.

21. Problems with Nation Building • Rule of Caudillos • Ruled by military force • New imperialism • British investors poured money into industries • Inequality • The elite maintained most of the power

22. The United States in Latin America • Cuba became a protectorate • Costa Rica was annexed • Supported Panama in a rebellion to separate from Colombia and become its own nation • In return, the U.S. was given control of 10 miles of land running from coast to coast – they built the Panama Canal which opened in 1914 **end of notes**