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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Blood. Functions. Transportation Food and oxygen to cells Waste from cells Hormones Heat from the core to the surface. Blood Characteristics. Plasma = fluid portion of blood. 55% of the blood’s volume 90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% acids and salts. Blood Cells :

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Blood

  2. Functions • Transportation • Food and oxygen to cells • Waste from cells • Hormones • Heat from the core to the surface

  3. Blood Characteristics • Plasma = fluid portion of blood. • 55% of the blood’s volume • 90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% acids and salts. • Blood Cells: • Erythrocytes – red blood cells (rbc) (99%) • Leukocytes – white blood cells (.2%) • Thrombocytes – platelets (.6 – 1%)

  4. Blood Characteristics Continued • Blood volume • Varies with age, body type, and sex • Body Fat • decrease in body fat = increase blood volume. • More oxygen to cells = increase energy • About 10-12 pints of blood

  5. Blood Cells • Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) • Appearance • No nucleus or organelles • Concave shape (donut) • Large surface area to carry oxygen • Great elasticity • Abnormalities • Sickle cells – crescent shaped RBC’s • Hemoglobin – molecule in RBC • Contains 4 iron atoms – which allows oxygen to bind • Men carry more than women • Color of blood depends on hemoglobin content

  6. Blood Cells Continued • Erythrocytes • Anemia – the state of having a deficiency of hemoglobin content in RBC’s • Blood doping – increases RBC’s = increase in hemoglobin = more oxygen to cells • Formation of RBC’s – Erythoropoiesis • Mature in red bone marrow • Contain reticulocytes – help doctors diagnose how much blood is being made • Destruction of RBC’s • Live 3-4 months • Cells lining blood vessels phagocytose RBC’s • Iron is recycled in the liver • Bilirubin is formed = yellow pigment • When bilirubin accumulates in liver - jaundice

  7. Homeostatic Mechanism – Keeps RBC’s Constant Normal Red Blood Count Tends to restore Some Factor (Car Wreck) Tissue Hypoxia Increased # of RBC’s Decreased # of RBC’s Increased secretion of erythroprotein by kidney and liver Increased erythropoiesis (rbc production) by red bone marrow Hormone

  8. Blood Cells Continued • Leukocytes (White blood cells) • Appearance • Five types in body – lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils • Function • Fight infection • Phagocytosis – ingest and digest microbes • Formation • In red bone marrow or lymphatic tissue • Life span not known (3-12 days or 3-6 months)

  9. Blood Cells Continued • Platelets • Appearance • Colorless, irregular spindles or oval disks • Function • Hemostasis – stopping of blood flow to area • Clotting – plugging up ruptured vessels • Formation • In red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen • About a 10 day life span

  10. Blood Types • A person’s blood type depends on the type of antigen on the RBC membrane • Type A – antigen A on RBC • Type B – antigen B on RBC • Type AB – antigen A and B on RBC (universal recipient) • Type O – no antigen A or B on RBC (universal donor) • Rh-factor = Rh antigen on RBC • Rh-positive = Rh antigen present • Rh-negative = Rh antigen not present

  11. A type of protein

  12. Blood Types Continued • Antigen – stimulates the formation of antibodies (identify and neutralize foreign objects) that combine with antigen to clump cells. It is a type of protein found on the membranes of red blood cells. • Danger in blood transfusions • Plasma never contains antibodies against the antigen present on RBC’s

  13. Blood Types Continued • Anti-Rh antibodies • No blood usually contains this antibody • Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type • Transfusions • Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood • Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad) • Blood mixes at birth – mother’s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother) • During the 2nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

  14. Blood Types Continued

  15. Blood Types Continued • Anti-Rh antibodies • No blood usually contains this antibody • Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type • Transfusions • Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood • Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad) • Blood mixes at birth – mother’s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother) • During the 2nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

  16. Blood Coagulation • Mechanism • Vessel is cut • Bleeding occurs • Platelets aggregate at the site of injury • Formation of a chemical with chemical fibrinogen • Insoluble fibrin is made and tangles with RBC which forms the clot • RBC’s give scab a red/brown color

  17. Blood Coagulation Continued • Opposition of Clotting Mechanism • Smooth surface of blood vessel • Antithrombins – heparin • No thrombin made – no clot

  18. Blood Coagulation Continued • Factors that Hasten Clotting • Rough spot on blood vessel lining • Slow blood flow to area – atherosclerosis • Bed patients must be moved frequently • Clots seem to grow once started • Clinical method • Apply gauze – rough surface • Heat massage

  19. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/aniblood.htm Blood Typing http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14804

  20. Blood Transfusion Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/index.html

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