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Cooking Methods and Foods Suited for Dry and Moist Heat

Learn about dry heat cooking methods such as grilling, broiling, roasting, and baking, as well as moist heat cooking methods like boiling, steaming, and poaching. Discover the foods that are best suited for each cooking technique.

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Cooking Methods and Foods Suited for Dry and Moist Heat

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  1. Y1.5.3 Cooking Methods

  2. Objectives • Describe dry heat cooking methods and list the foods to which they are suited • Describe moist heat cooking methods and list the foods to which they are suited • Describe combination cooking methods and list the foods to which they are suited

  3. Key Terms

  4. Intro • Beyond the hundreds of recipes, there are variety of cooking methods, each producing a different result • Using the appropriate cooking techniques (methods) will produce the desired results

  5. Heat Transfer • Heat is a type of energy • Absorbed energy, vibration, expansion, collision, transfer of energy • Heat energy is transferred to foods via conduction, convection or radiation • Heat then travels through food by conduction

  6. Heat Transfer • Conduction: movement of heat from one item to another through direct contact • Some materials conduct better than others

  7. Heat Transfer • Convection: transfer of heat through a fluid which may be liquid or gas • Natural or mechanical

  8. Heat Transfer • Radiation: energy is transferred by waves of heat or light striking the food • Infrared, electric or ceramic element, coals • Microwave, radiation exciting water molecules

  9. HEY!!

  10. Effects of Heat Proteins Coagulate • Proteins are long, coiled chains of molecules held together by bonds. Light can pass through, raw egg whites are clear, raw meat translucent • Exposed to heat (air or acid) the bonds break, and the coils unwind (denatured)

  11. Effects of Heat-Proteins Coagulate • The denatured proteins become caught up on their bonds and form a coagulated 3-dimensional mesh. Light is reflected, product is opaque • The longer the heat, the higher the temperature, the tighter the coagulated mesh becomes, squeezing out the water. • The key to moist proteins is gentle heating

  12. Effects of Heat • Starches Gelatinize • When starch granules reach a temperature of approximately 140°F. they absorb additional moisture- up to 10 times their own weight- and expand.

  13. Effects of Heat • Sugars Caramelize • As sugars are heated above 320°F. they caramelize, adding flavor and causing the product to darken.

  14. Effects of Heat • Water Evaporates • Pâte à choux, puff pastry, crust, reduction.

  15. Effects of Heat • Fats Melt • As fats melt, steam is released, and fat droplets are dispersed throughout the product • Tenderizes and shortens gluten strands • Different fats melt at different temperatures

  16. Three General Types of Cooking Methods • Dry heat cooking • Moist heat cooking • Combination cooking

  17. Dry Heat Cooking • Food prepared using dry heat must be naturally tender or prepared by adding moisture • Barding: wrapping with strips of fat before cooking so it bastes while cooking. • Larding: inserting long thin strips of fat with a larding needle to baste from the inside. • Marinating: Soaking in a combination of wet and dry ingredients to provide flavor and moisture.

  18. Dry Heat Cooking Without Fat With Fat Sautéing Pan-frying Stir-frying Deep-frying • Grilling • Broiling • Roasting • Baking

  19. Dry Heat Cooking Dry Heat Cooking without Fat • Grilling: cooked on a grill rack above the heat source • Highly flavored outside, moist inside • Smokey, slightly charred flavor as the fats melt and drip on the heat source

  20. Dry Heat Cooking Without Fat • Barbecuing: another form of grilling • basted repeatedly with a sauce, pan drippings, or other liquid, keeping food moist

  21. Dry Heat Cooking Without fat • Broiling: rapid cooking method that uses high heat from a source located above the food • Quick, high heat methods require tender cuts of meat, poultry, fish and some fruits and vegetables

  22. Dry Heat Cooking Without fat • Roasting: cooks food by surrounding the items with hot, dry air in the oven • Most often used with large cuts of meat, whole birds, or fish

  23. Dry Heat Cooking Without fat • Baking: cooking food in an oven without liquid • While roasting generally refers to meats and baking generally refers to breads and pastries, the terms are fairly interchangeable

  24. Dry Heat Cooking With fat • Sauté: food cooks rapidly in a small amount of fat over relatively high heat • Stir-fry:food cooks rapidly in a small amount of fat over relatively high heat, while being constantly stirred • Bite-size pieces of food

  25. Dry Heat Cooking With fat • Sauté • Small amount of fat over relatively high heat • To jump • 212-420 degrees, requires judgment • Start with dry pan, add oil • Too little oil, too cool, too little time: stick

  26. Dry Heat Cooking With fat • Griddling • Cooked on a hot, flat surface (or cast iron pan) • Less fat than sauté

  27. Dry Heat Cooking With fat • Pan-fried: foods are often coated with batter or breading, and then cooked in oil over less intense heat • uses more oil than sauté, about half way up the food being cooked • Hold only a short while

  28. Dry Heat Cooking With fat • Deep-fried: also called French fried, breaded or batter-coated food is immersed in hot fat • Swimming method: gently dropped • Basket method: placed in basket, lowered • Double basket method: hold food in place • Keep food dry

  29. Deep-fry, cont. • Outside is fried, inside is steamed • Blanch fry 275°F. 10 min., cool/freeze then 350. • Hold 250°F. oven. • Large pot ⅓ full.

  30. Dry Heat Cooking Deep-fry, cont. • Recovery time: time it takes oil to reheat to the correct cooking temperature once food is added • Smoking: temperature at which fats and oils begin to smoke, which means that the fat has begun to break down (425°F.) • Oil temperature for deep fry is usually 325°F to 375°F

  31. Dry Heat Cooking Deep-fry, cont. • Batter: combines wet and dry ingredients (primary dry, liquid, binder) • Breading: same components as batter, but not blended together. (Dredge in flour, then egg, then crunchy ingredient) • As much as 35% of the flavor of a deep-fried food comes from the oil in which it’s cooked

  32. Taking it all in?? Take 5

  33. Moist Heat Cooking • Moist heat cooking techniques produce foods that are delicately flavored and moist with a rich broth, which can be used as a base for a sauce • E.g.. One pot New England boiled dinner

  34. Moist Heat Cooking • Boil • Simmer • Poach, shallow poach • Blanch • Steam

  35. Moist Heat Cooking • Boil: to cook food in a liquid that has reached the boiling point (212°F) • Action of bubbles prevents use of delicate foods • High temperature could toughen the protein of meat, fish, and eggs

  36. Moist Heat Cooking • Simmer: (185°F to 200°F) • Bubbles in the liquid rise gently and just beginning to break the surface

  37. Moist Heat Cooking • Blanch: placed in boiling water for a short time • Usually shocked: plunged into ice water to stop cooking • par-cooking • Tomatoes to peel • Green beans finished with sauté • Larger pieces

  38. Moist Heat Cooking • Poaching: food is completely submerged in liquid that is kept at a constant, moderate temperature (160°F to 180°F) • Water shows some motion, no bubbles • Fish, seafood, delicate sausage, mousselines, root vegetables, legumes, eggs • Fat: confit

  39. Moist Heat Cooking • Shallow poaching: cooked in a liquid bath and steam • Best suited for portion size pieces cooked at last-minute • Partially covered by a liquid containing an acid and herbs or spices in a covered pan • Liquid, cuisson used as sauce base

  40. Moist Heat Cooking • Steaming: cooks food over, not in, boiling water • Tender cuts, small pieces • No carmalization • Retains color, shape, flavor, nutrients • Keep covered

  41. Combination Cooking • Uses both dry heat and moist heat methods • Good for less tender cuts • Allows for caramelization and longer cooking time • Braising • Stewing

  42. Combination Cooking • Braising: Seared in hot oil, add liquid, finish in oven or Dutch oven • Longer cooking time tenderizes connective tissues of tough cuts • Vegetables can be added • Released liquid used for sauce

  43. Combination Cooking • Types of braising • Daube: (DAWB) often beef, red wine, marinated • Estouffade: (ess-too-FAHD) French term refers to both braising method and the dish itself (a beef stew made with red wine) • Pot roasting: American term for braising

  44. Combination Cooking • Stewing: similar to braising, bite sized pieces that are blanched or seared • Requires more liquid

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