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Measurement

Measurement. PROCESS AND PRODUCT. MEASUREMENT. The assignment of numerals to phenomena according to rules. Measurement Components. CONCEPTUALIZATION NOMINAL DEFINITION OPERATIONAL DEFINITION MEASUREMENT OF THE ATTRIBUTES. Measurement Quality. RELIABILITY – consistency

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Measurement

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  1. Measurement PROCESS AND PRODUCT

  2. MEASUREMENT The assignment of numerals to phenomena according to rules

  3. Measurement Components • CONCEPTUALIZATION • NOMINAL DEFINITION • OPERATIONAL DEFINITION • MEASUREMENT OF THE ATTRIBUTES

  4. Measurement Quality • RELIABILITY – consistency • VALIDITY – “on target”

  5. Reliability • TEST-RETEST • SPLIT-HALF • ESTABLISHED MEASURES • RESEARCHER-WORKER

  6. Validity • FACE • CRITERION (predictive) - uses behavior • CONSTRUCT - uses theoretical connection • CONTENT - multiple attributes for complex concepts

  7. Rules (Levels) of Measurement • Nominal • Mutually exclusive and exhaustive • Ordinal • First to last/High to low • Interval • Known distance between attributes • Ratio • Absolute zero

  8. Measurement Matrix

  9. Composite Measures • Indexes – accumulation of scores assigned to individual attributes (ordinal measure) • Scales – scores assigned to patterns of responses – often varying in intensity (ordinal measure) • Typologies – summarizes the intersection of two or more variables creating a set of categories or types (nominal measure)

  10. Index • Item selection • Face validity • Unidimensionality • General or specific • Variance • Examination of empirical relationship • Index scoring • Handling missing data • Index validation • Item analysis • External validation

  11. Scale • Scale construction • Takes into account that not all indicators of a variable are equally important or equally strong • Scales • Bogardus social distance • Thurstone scales • Likert scaling • Semantic differential • Guttman scaling

  12. Typology • Uses the intersection of two or more variables – often represented in matrix format • Useful for describing relationships • Useful as an independent variable • Difficult to analyze as a dependent variable when attempting to “elaborate” the relationship

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