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Smart Grid

Smart Grid. Fatemeh Saremi, PoLiang Wu, and Heechul Yun. US Electricity Grid. Aged Centralized Manual operations Fragile. Northeast Blackout – August 14, 2003. Affected 55 million people $6 billion lost Per year $135 billions lost for power interruption.

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Smart Grid

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  1. Smart Grid Fatemeh Saremi, PoLiang Wu, and Heechul Yun

  2. US Electricity Grid • Aged • Centralized • Manual operations • Fragile

  3. Northeast Blackout – August 14, 2003 • Affected 55 million people • $6 billion lost • Per year $135 billions lost for power interruption ~$6 billion lost due to 8/14/03 blackout Cost of Power Disturbances: $25 - $188 billion per year 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Blackout_of_2003

  4. Goal Upgrade the grid in Smartway

  5. Smart Grid • Uses information technologiesto improve how electricity travels from power plants to consumers • Allows consumers to interact with the grid • Integrates new and improved technologies into the operation of the grid

  6. Smart Grid Attributes • Information-based • Communicating • Secure • Self-healing • Reliable • Flexible • Cost-effective • Dynamically controllable

  7. Outline • Motivation • Sensing and Measurement • Communications and Security • Components and Subsystems • Interfaces and Decision Support • Control Methods and Topologies • Trading in Smart Grid

  8. Advanced Sensing and Measurement • Enhance power system measurements and enable the transformation of data into information. • Evaluate the health of equipment, the integrity of the grid, and support advanced protective relaying. • Enable consumer choice and demand response, and help relieve congestion

  9. Advanced Sensing and Measurement • Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) • Provide interface between the utility and its customers: bi-direction control • Advanced functionality • Real-time electricity pricing • Accurate load characterization • Outage detection/restoration • California asked all the utilities to deploy the new smart meter

  10. Advanced Sensing and Measurement • Health Monitor: Phasor measurement unit (PMU) • Measure the electrical waves and determine the health of the system. • Increase the reliability by detecting faults early, allowing for isolation of operative system, and the prevention of power outages.

  11. Advanced Sensing and Measurement • Distributed weather sensing • Widely distributed solar irradiance, wind speed, temperature measurement systems to improve the predictability of renewable energy. • The grid control systems can dynamically adjust the source of power supply.

  12. Outline • Motivation • Sensing and Measurement • Communications and Security • Components and Subsystems • Interfaces and Decision Support • Control Methods and Topologies • Trading in Smart Grid

  13. Integrated Communications and Security • High-speed, fully integrated, two-way communication technologies that make the smart grid a dynamic, interactive “mega-infrastructure” for real-time information and power exchange. • Cyber Security: the new communication mechanism should consider security, reliability, QoS.

  14. Wireless Sensor Network • The challenges of wireless sensor network in smart grid • Harsh environmental conditions. • Reliability and latency requirements • Packet errors and variable link capacity • Resource constraints. • The interference will severely affect the quality of wireless sensor network.

  15. Experiments for Noise and Interference • They measured the noise level in dbm (the larger the worse) • The outdoor background noise level is -105dbm

  16. Experiments for Noise and Interference In door power control room -88dbm 500-kV substation -93dbm Underground transformer vault -92dbm In door with microwave oven -90dbm

  17. Outline • Motivation • Sensing and Measurement • Communications and Security • Components and Subsystems • Interfaces and Decision Support • Control Methods and Topologies • Trading in Smart Grid

  18. Advanced Components and Subsystems • These power system devices apply the latest research in materials, superconductivity, energy storage, power electronics, and microelectronics • Produce higher power densities, greater reliability and power quality, enhanced electrical

  19. Advanced Components and Subsystems • Advanced Energy Storage • New Battery Technologies • Sodium Sulfur (NaS) • Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) • Grid-to-Vehicle(G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G) • Peak load leveling

  20. Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V)

  21. V2G: Wind With Storage

  22. Outline • Motivation • Sensing and Measurement • Communications and Security • Components and Subsystems • Interfaces and Decision Support • Control Methods and Topologies • Trading in Smart Grid

  23. Improved Interfaces and Decision Support • The smart grid will require wide, seamless, often real-time use of applications and tools that enable grid operators and managers to make decisions quickly. • Decision support and improved interfaces will enable more accurate and timely human decision making at all levels of the grid, including the consumer level, while also enabling more advanced operator training.

  24. Improved Interfaces and Decision Support • Advanced Pattern Recognition • Visualization Human Interface • Region of Stability Existence (ROSE) • Real-time calculate the stable region based on the voltage constraints, thermal limits, etc.

  25. Outline • Motivation • What’s Smart Grid • Sensing and Measurement • Communications and Security • Components and Subsystems • Interfaces and Decision Support • Control Methods and Topologies • Trading in Smart Grid 25

  26. Control Methods and Topologies • Traditional power system problems: • Centralized • No local supervisory control unit • No fault isolation • Relied entirely on electricity from the grid 26

  27. IDAPS: Intelligent Distributed Autonomous Power Systems • Distributed • Loosely connected APSs • Autonomous • Can perform automatic control without human intervention, such as fault isolation • Intelligent • Demand-side management • Securing critical loads 27

  28. APS: Autonomous Power System • A localized group of electricity sources and loads • Locally utilizing natural gas or renewable energy • Reducing the waste during transmission • Using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 28

  29. Multi-Agent Control System • IDAPS management agent • Monitor the health of the system and perform fault isolation • Intelligent control • DG agent • Monitor and control the DG power • Provide information, such as availability and prices • User agent • Provide the interface for the end users 29

  30. IDAPS Agent Technology

  31. IDAPS Agent Technology • Securing critical loads

  32. IDAPS Agent Technology • Demand-side management

  33. Quantifying Necessary Generation to Secure Critical Loads Non-linear optimization model Minimize the total annual levelized capital and operating costs of the candidate generators Subject to Reliability constraints Maximum size of each technology Maximum number of units to be installed The annual emission caps for CO2, NOx, and SOx

  34. Test Case

  35. Electricity Supply Candidates

  36. Solutions for Reliability Improvement 52 minutes per year LOLP: Loss of load probability

  37. Value of DG for Peak Shaving

  38. Outline • Motivation • What’s Smart Grid • Sensing and Measurement • Communications and Security • Components and Subsystems • Interfaces and Decision Support • Control Methods and Topologies • Trading in Smart Grid 38

  39. Diverse Energy Sources Fossil Wind Solar Nuclear http://powerelectronics.com/power_systems/smart-grid-success-rely-system-solutions-20091001/

  40. Electricity Market “Trading Agents for the Smart Electricity Grid,” AAMAS 2010. • Current practice: Fixed market • Few producers, less competition • Regulated by government • The future : Free market • Many producers (wind, solar, …) • Less regulation

  41. Goal • Setup a Electricity market • Self interested (producer, buyer, grid owner) • Free (no central regulation) • Efficient (no overload, no shortage)

  42. Design • Trading Mechanism • Buy/sell electricity • Overload Prevention Mechanism • Transmission charge • Online Balancing Mechanism • Price for extra demand and supply in real-time

  43. Stock Market Buy orders Sell orders • Market order : buy or sell at market price • Limit order : specify price to sell or buy

  44. Proposed Electricity Trading Quantity Price • A day ahead market • Based on prediction of a day ahead demand/supply A day ahead electricity market

  45. Overload Prevention Mechanism • Charging transmission (line charge = pt) • Protect overload because • If pt is high then demand goes down • If pt is low then demand goes high • Line charge is geographically different depending on congestion

  46. Online Balancing Mechanism • Balancing unpredictable demand/supply on real-time basis • + demand • need to buy at market price • - demand • Need to sell at market price • - supply • Buyer need to buy at market price

  47. Evaluation • How efficient the market is? • What’s the best trading strategy?

  48. Market Efficiency • Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) • If all information (buyer’s and seller’s cost structure) is publicly available • Market price is determined solely by supply/demand •  maximally efficient market • Cost structure • Buyer : minimum and cost sensitive dynamic demand • Seller : minimum and quantity proportional production cost • Line owner : minimum and quantity proportional cost

  49. Trading Strategy • Maximum efficiency is not possible • Hidden cost information • Line charge constraint • ZI • Random pricing • AA-EM • Follow the market price but weighted • Bias to the same node due to line charging

  50. Market Efficiency • With respect to capacity Efficiency Average Transmission Line Capacity (log-scale)

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