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Functional computed tomography using energy resolved photon counting detectors

Functional computed tomography using energy resolved photon counting detectors. Anthony Butler. Overview. Why functional imaging Recent trends in clinical imaging Spectral CT and the MARS project Medical applications Radiopharmaceutical imaging Soft tissue imaging Conclusions.

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Functional computed tomography using energy resolved photon counting detectors

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  1. Functional computed tomography using energy resolved photon counting detectors Anthony Butler

  2. Overview Why functional imaging Recent trends in clinical imaging Spectral CT and the MARS project Medical applications Radiopharmaceutical imaging Soft tissue imaging Conclusions

  3. Change in radiology utilisation 1998-2005 => 4.5% /year 2006-2008 => 1.4% /year Bending the Curve: The Recent Marked Slowdown in Growth of Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging American Journal of Roentgenology, Jan. 2011

  4. Drivers of change 2000-2008 “CT Slice War” • fan beam geometry to cone beam geometry • 2000: acquire a single transverse slice per rotation • 2012: acquire up to 64-500 slices per rotation

  5. Current State Anatomical imaging is now really good Very little benefit in more speed or resolution

  6. Anatomical imaging is now really good Functional imaging is the future What is the tissue? What is its behaviour? Is the treatment working? (not just size, shape, location) What the diagnostician wants to know • Constituents (fat, water, calcium, iron) • Cancer and pathogen labels • Physiological markers • etc

  7. MARS spectral CT project

  8. Goals To obtain novel information about tissues Compositional information Functional information To have a route to human imaging

  9. The Team • Technical team • University of Canterbury • Clinical team • University of Otago • International Partners • Incl. CERN, Mayo Clinic, etc • The company • MARS Bioimaging Ltd

  10. Single- , dual-, and spectral CT Single energy CT Xray source B/W Hounsfield Units Grey scale detector Patient

  11. Single- , dual-, and spectral CT Single energy CT Xray source B/W Hounsfield Units Grey scale detector Patient B/W Xray source Dual energy CT B/W Xray source Two grey scale detectors

  12. Single- , dual-, and spectral CT Single energy CT Xray source B/W Hounsfield Units Grey scale detector Patient B/W Xray source Dual energy CT B/W Xray source Two grey scale detectors MARS spectral CT Xray source Medipix Color detectors

  13. Spectral CT is now possible Medipix All Resolution System Energy resolution Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Current single-energy CT provides Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Brightness only (grey scale)

  14. X-ray camera Medipix3 photon processing detector Quantum / counting detector (Film, CR, DR, CT are all integrating detectors) Pixel detector Each pixel has its own electronics Spectral detector Measure energy of photons

  15. Reconstruction tailored to photon counting Photon counting detectors poor in high flux Air Water Ca Sunflower oil Fe Iodine x-ray source Medipix

  16. Reconstruction tailored to photon counting Photon counting detectors poor in high flux Air Water Ca Sunflower oil Fe Iodine High x-ray flux beam x-ray source Medipix High x-ray flux beam

  17. Reconstruction tailored to photon counting Reconstruct only from central detector elements ROI Air Water Ca Sunflower oil Fe Iodine x-ray source Medipix Highx-ray flux

  18. Measure individual materials Iodine: Pulmonary circulation Barium: Lung Calcium: normal bone

  19. Pharmaceuticals identified by spectral information Iodine: Pulmonary circulation Barium: Lung Calcium: normal bone

  20. Functional cartilage imaging Histology and spectral CT to demonstrate GAG content • Low GAG • High hexabrix Cartilage Bone • High GAG • Low hexabrix - Volume rendering - Energy gradient by PCA Funded by NZ Arthritis Foundation

  21. Quantification of fat and water Spectral CT of a mouse 10-35keV “Water-like” “Fat-like” “Calcium-like” Initial work funded by Health Research Council

  22. Atheroma characterization Aim to indentify plaque components Unstable plaques need therapy Next Steps: Ca versus Fe Inflammatory markers Funded by National Heart Foundation

  23. The future: Functional labels • Complex physiological markers can be made • These often have unique spectral response (contain heavy atoms) We can measure the spectral response of nano-particle that target aggregated platelets. Next step: Measure them in mice…

  24. Conclusion Recently radiology improvements have been speed and spatial resolution Functional imaging is the future of radiology Spectral CT is able provide this information Anthony Butler, M Walsh, P Ronaldson, N Scott, R Zainon, S Geiseg, T Janmale, N Cook, A Opie, R Amir, R Doesburg, N de Ruiter,H Yu, J Bennett, G Wang, T Woodfield, N Cook, P Bones, J Mohr, N Anderson, P Butler

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