The Civil Rights Movement

1. The Civil Rights Movement American Studies

2. Time of change and new ideas • Gap between older generation and their baby boomer children • Counterculture and the protest movement • Hippies protest the war, the govt, and traditional values of society • Atmosphere leads to increased support for expanding the rights of minorities • Women’s Liberation • African American Civil Rights Movement 1960s in America

3. Interest Groups: people form to achieve a common goal • To convince the govt to take action on an issue of concern (lobbyists) • Political Action Committees (PACs): Independent organizations that contribute to political candidates who agree with their views • Raise campaign money • Raise public awareness about the issues Political Action Groups

4. Minority status due to years of legal, political, economic and social discrimination against women • 1963: Betty Friedan’s “Feminine Mystique” says women can be more than just housewives • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Founded in 1966: Fight for equal rights for women • Push for laws that provide equal pay, education opportunities, childcare centers, maternity leave rights, and legalized abortion • Roe v. Wade 1973 • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): Guarantee men and women have same rights and protections under the law = never ratified Women’s Liberation

5. -Today: -More women in the US than men -More women with college degrees -Women still make 77 cents for every $1 a man makes -Yearly, average man makes $47,000 -Average woman makes $37,000 -Wage gap exists in all racial categories

6. What was the perspective of women who founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966? • A. Women wanted to receive equal pay and opportunities for advancement in the workplace. • B. Women were afraid of being forced to work in physically challenging jobs. • C. Women were angry at the prospect of having to serve in the military. • D. Women wanted to gain the right to vote and to own property. Practice Question

7. AIM: Founded 1968 to combat issues of discrimination and poverty of Native Americans • Facing high unemployment, slum housing, police brutality, little help from the govt • 1972: “Trail of Broken Treaties” March • Govt responds: • More control over their education to preserve their culture • Regain some land lost as result of treaty violations • Still working to restore more native land and improve daily life in Native American community American Indian Movement

8. One reason Native Americans founded the American Indian Movement (AIM) was they wanted to A. reestablish reservations that had been closed down. B. improve life on reservations and receive protection of their rights. C. reawaken pride in their culture and heritage. D. create a separate and independent Native American State. Practice Question

9. UFW: Migrant workers seek relief through social and political activism • Many immigrants of Latin American decent • Work long hours for little pay, harsh conditions and low-quality housing • Unsanitary conditions and violations of child labor laws • Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez organized strikes and boycotts, forcing growers to improve conditions for the pickers • Work with AFL-CIO union United Farm Workers

10. -Strike: Refuse to work until worker demands are met by company -Boycott: Refuse to buy goods from a company in order to put economic pressure on them to make a change

11. In the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic-American farm workers in the United States believed their employers were failing to provide reasonable wages and working conditions like those received by other American workers. • For this reason, Hispanic-American farm workers: • A. urged the exportation of agricultural produce. • B. organized the United Farm Workers Association. • C encouraged farm producers to lower prices. • D. opposed passage of anti-discrimination laws. Practice Question

12. *African Americans: • NAACP: Founded in 1909 • Work through legal system toward the goal of equal rights • Fight Jim Crow Laws, lynching, segregation, and workplace discrimination • 1896:Plessy vs. Ferguson • Separate but equal segregation is legal • 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • Overturns Plessey v. Ferguson, separate but equal segregation is illegal • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/separate-but-not-equal?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false • Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer to defend Brown and becomes first black Supreme Court Justice in 1967 The Civil Rights Movement

13. What perspective of African-Americans was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909? A. the desire for a return to their cultural heritage B. the need to improve working conditions in factories C. the desire to end legalized discrimination based on race D. the belief in the importance of building a new country in Africa Practice Question

14. The U.S. Constitution is a living document that evolves through Supreme Court decisions. Describe the decisions in Plessey vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, and explain how they influenced the Constitution’s evolution. (4 bullet points) Practice Question

15. Jim Crow Laws: Legalized racism and segregation in the South • Can’t use the same pools, water fountains, bathrooms, libraries, hospitals, schools, parks and playgrounds, cemeteries, barbers, home/hotel, etc. • Segregated restaurants, movie theaters, busses and trains • Whites can’t marry anyone with 1/8 African, Japanese or Chinese ancestry • Can’t play games, cards, dice or dominos together • Last Ku Klux Klan revival during this period • White Supremacists • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/sylvia-woods-freedom?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Racism in America

16. Govt orders desegregation of schools but some Southern states resist • 1956: Southern members of Congress signed Southern Manifesto demanding legal segregation be restored • 1957: Most famous defiance in Little Rock , Arkansas • 9 African Americans try to go to class at a formerly white high school • Governor called out National Guard to prevent desegregation • Court forced him to withdraw, but angry mob turned students away • Eisenhower sends fed troops to enforce order and protect black students • First time since Reconstruction that Fed govt took action to advance the rights of African Americans • Events covered on TV helped sway public opinion against racist mobs Desegregation

17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xERXusiEszs http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/emmett-till--legacy?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

18. What happened at Little Rock Arkansas? • a. African Americans desegregated schools, without any trouble at all. • b. African Americans tried to desegregate schools but they were not allowed in and were humiliated. • c. African Americans desegregated schools, with the help of Eisenhower and the National Guard. • d. African Americans desegregated schools with the help of Arkansas’s governor. Practice Question

19. 1955: 14 yr. old boy murdered in Mississippi for “flirting with a white woman” • Beaten, eyes gouged out, shot, throw in a river where he was found days later • Mother wanted public open casket funeral to show brutality of racism • Murderers never convicted • Intense criticism of Mississippi • His death played a pivotal role for gaining support for the Civil Rights Movement • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/emmett-till--legacy?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false The Murder of Emmett Till

21. 1955: Rosa Parks boarded bus in Alabama and when told to give up her seat to a white man she refused • Civil Disobedience: Break a law and get caught to protest injustice • She was arrested and fined • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjXovChu1aM • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/bet-you-didnt-know-rosa-parks?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false • Martin Luther King Jr.: Young Baptist minister • Advocated of non-violence and wanted to show that peaceful protest could be effective • Helped organize boycott of the bus company to respond to end bus segregation Montgomery Bus Boycott

23. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/montgomery-bus-boycott?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=falsehttp://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/montgomery-bus-boycott?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

24. Majority of bus riders were African American • 1956: Unable to handle the loss of income, the city agreed to desegregate public transportation • Supreme Court rules segregation of public facilities is unconstitutional • King becomes head of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Became recognized as civil rights leader • Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi Montgomery Bus Boycott

26. 1960s: Civil Rights movement gained momentum • Organized new forms of non-violent protest • Greensboro, NC: Sit-in at segregated lunch counter in 1960 to show they would not obey segregation laws • Black and white students organized the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Sit-Ins

27. http://www.travelchannel.com/video/historic-lunch-counter-sit-in-12547http://www.travelchannel.com/video/historic-lunch-counter-sit-in-12547

28. 1961: Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Sponsored bus trips around the south testing the enforcement of the desegregation law • Both blacks and whites, called freedom riders • Met opposition as soon as they entered the south • First ride in 1947: Several arrested in NC, some end up serving in chain gangs there Freedom Riders

29. 1960s “Journey of Reconciliation” Freedom Rider bus tour • Wanted to encourage the govt to enforce desegregation in the south • Blacks ride at the front, whites in the back, violating Jim Crow laws • Blacks entered white-only restrooms, restaurants, etc. and whites did the opposite • Met violent resistance: Mobs waiting to throw stones, slash tires, beat riders, arrest them • Birmingham and Montgomery: Promised protection by the police but attacked in anyway • Despite threats they continued to Mississippi • Were arrested and tried for breaking state law • Sentenced some to 60 day terms in state penitentiary Freedom Riders

30. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/watchhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/watch

31. News spread and more riders joined to replace those in jail • By the end: Mississippi arrested over 300 • Despite beatings and arrests, they achieved their goal and govt changed • Made huge contribution at great personal cost • Senator Robert Kennedy convinced the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to rule that segregation of interstate bus travel illegal Freedom Riders

32. What is one direct consequence of the U.S. civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s? • A. the right to freedom of religion for all citizens • B. the end of legal segregation in public places • C. the granting of citizenship to African-Americans • D. the passing of legislation to protect the accused Practice Question

33. After death of a NAACP leader Medgar Evers: Largest Civil Rights demonstration in history • August 1963 • “March for Jobs and Freedom”: Organized by NAACP, CORE, SNCC, SCLC, etc. • About 300,000 attend to fight for equality and listen to historic speakers • MLK Jr. gives his “I have a dream” speech • Impact: March encourages passage of Civil Rights Act The Great March on Washington

35. “I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal’…I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRIF4_WzU1w&feature=kp

36. Whites in Alabama were angered by integration of schools and Civil Rights protest • In response: Men blow up a Baptist church used for protest meetings • Kills four innocent little girls • Man seen at scene and found with dynamite is found not guilty • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/bombing-of-the-16th-street-baptist-church?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Bombing in Birmingham

37. SNCC organizes volunteers to help African Americans in Mississippi register to vote • Over 1000 out-of-state white volunteers joining thousands of local black activists • State had lowest # registered: only 6.7% of blacks in the state • Literacy tests, difficult registration process, threats and violence had prevented them from voting • Activists were met with violent opposition • Impact: Movement encourages the govt to pass Voting Rights Act Freedom Summer 1964

39. Over the course of the ten-week project: • 4civil rights workers were killed • At least 3 Mississippi blacks were murdered because of their support for the civil rights movement • 4people were critically wounded • 80Freedom Summer workers were beaten • 1062 people were arrested (volunteers and locals) • 37 churches were bombed or burned • 30Black homes or businesses were bombed or burned http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=freedom+summer

40. Landmark legislation outlaws major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women. • Outlawed: • Segregation of public facilities • Workplace discrimination • Housing and Loan discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1964

41. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, cafeterias and hotels. This was an attempt to • A. maintain poll taxes for African-Americans. • B. stop African-American northward migration. • C. end segregation legalized by Jim Crow laws. • D. maintain literacy tests for African-Americans Practice Question

42. 600 protestors beaten and tear gassed by police • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/bloody-sunday?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false • In response, SNCC organizes a long march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama • Two attempts stopped by police and mob • Martin Luther King and SCLC come to support marchers • Under National Guard and FBI protection • Walk 10 miles a day from March 16-24th • Successfully arrive at the capital • Encourages passage of Voting Rights Act • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/freedom-march?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false 1965: Bloody Sunday

43. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/march-from-selma-to-montgomery?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=falsehttp://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/march-from-selma-to-montgomery?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

46. Makes it easier to register to vote • Discrimination and literacy tests are illegal • Federal oversight of election boards • In many Southern states, less than 50% of population was registered to vote • Voting laws are finally enforced nationally • New laws insight riots in cities like LA, Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/voting-rights-bill?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false The Voting Rights Act of 1965

47. 1968: Robert Kennedy and MLK Jr. both assassinated • War protests increase: public is distracted • Not all goals of the movement were accomplished right away, but major impact made on America: • Non-violent protest shown as effective way to create positive change • Encourages other minority groups to fight for equality • Forces nation to redefine what we stand for and brings up issues we still discuss today • Racism becomes less socially acceptable The End and Impact

49. The Civil Rights Movement was all about the road to equality. One of the leaders of this movement was Martin Luther King Jr. What type of protest did he promote how did it work? Then please explain three different examples of Civil Disobedience and or non-violent protest during the Civil Rights Movement. (4 bullet points) Practice Question

50. Malcom X (Malcom Little 1925-1965): • Father killed by white supremacists, mother committed to mental institution • In prison for robbery: Studied Marcus Garvey and became part of the Black Muslims • Believed “white devils” were inherently racist and blacks should not integrate into American society • Preached against King’s non-violence and instead wanted blacks to form their own society • Black Panther Party: Malcom X was not a member • Also spoke against non-violence and cooperation with whites • Promoted Black nationalism and self-defense • http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement/videos/malcolm-x?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Black Power Movement