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Understanding Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement and Punishment

Explore the phenomena of classical conditioning and differentiate it from operant conditioning, learning about reinforcement types, schedules, punishment effects, and Skinner's experiments.

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Understanding Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement and Punishment

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  1. Chapter 7 (C):Operant Conditioning A.P. Psychology

  2. Do-Now:(Discussion) • Describe the following phenomena of Classical Conditioning: • Generalization • Discrimination • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Learned Helplessness • What is Operant Conditioning and how does it differ from Classical Conditioning?

  3. Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning • Classical Conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US) • Respondent Behavior • Operant conditioningforms an association between behaviors and the resulting events. • Operant Behavior

  4. Operant Conditioning • Operant Conditioning: • A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher

  5. Skinner’s Experiments B.F. Skinner’s experiments extend Edward Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again.

  6. Operant Chamber Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the operant chamber, or the “Skinner Box,” to study operant conditioning.

  7. Operant Chamber The Operant Chamber, or “Skinner Box,” comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal’s response.

  8. Shaping A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes. Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations.

  9. Types of Reinforcers • Reinforcer: • Any event that strengthens (reinforces) the behavior it follows • A reinforcement is a reward

  10. Types of Reinforcers

  11. Types of Reinforcers • Primary Reinforcer: • An innately reinforcing stimulus • Often satisfies a biological need • E.g. Pizza • Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcer: • A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer • E.g. Money

  12. Types of Reinforcers • If a teacher wanted to reinforce students arriving to class on time, how could he or she employ the following types of reinforcers: • Positive/Primary • Positive/Secondary • Negative/Primary • Negative/Secondary

  13. Schedules of Reinforcement • Terms to consider: • Fixed: • Set/Pre-determined • Variable: • Changeable/Unpredictable • Ratio: • Number of times • Interval: • Amount of time intervals

  14. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed-Ratio: • Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses • E.g. Buy 10 coffees, get one free • Variable-Ratio: • Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses • E.g. Slot machines

  15. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed-Interval: • Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed • E.g. Weekly pay checks • Variable-Interval: • Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals • E.g. Pop quizzes

  16. Schedules of Reinforcement • Provide an example of each of the following schedules of reinforcement: • Fixed-Ratio • Variable-Ratio • Fixed-Interval • Variable-Interval • Which one do you think is least effective? • Which one do you think is most effective? • Which one do you think is most addictive?

  17. Schedules of Reinforcement

  18. Punishment

  19. Punishment Do you feel that punishment is effective, and under what types of circumstances? If not, what other alternatives do you support?

  20. Punishment • Effects of Punishment on Behavior: • Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten • Punishment does not teach appropriate behavior • Punishment causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence • Punishment can teach fear • Justifies pain to others • Physical punishment may increaseaggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems

  21. Review • What is Operant Conditioning? • Describe the following types of reinforcement: • Positive • Negative • Primary • Secondary (Conditioned) • Describe the following schedules of reinforcement: • Fixed-Ratio • Variable-Ratio • Fixed-Interval • Variable-Interval • What are some ways that punishmentaffects behavior?

  22. Homework • Research Study # 10: “Little Emotional Albert” (Pgs. 72-78)

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