Chapter 9: Development: The Cultural Landscape- An Introduction to Human Geography

1. Chapter 9: Development: The Cultural Landscape- An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Chapter 9: Development: Introduction First half of the book focused on global demographics and cultural patterns The second half focuses on fundamental economic elements of Human Geography Development: The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) AKA developed countries Lesser developed countries (LDCs) AKA emerging or developing countries First geographic task: Discover where LDCs and MDCs are located Essential Question: Why are some regions more developed than others?

3. Key Issue 1:Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Economic Indicators of Development Social Indicators of Development Demographic Indicators of development

4. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? • The Human Development Index (HDI) • Created by the United Nations • Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: • Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita • Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education • Demographic = (4) life expectancy • The four factors are combined to produce a country’s HDI. • The highest HDI is 1.0 or 100% • The highest ranking countries are typically in Europe • Recently the highest ranked is Norway: 0.97 (2009) • Thirty of the lowest ranked are in sub-Saharan Africa • The lowest ranked is Niger: 0.340 (2009)

5. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

6. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?Economic indicators of development • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita • GDP: total output of goods and services produced by a country in a normal year • Dividing the GDP by the total population measures the contribution of the average individual toward generating a country’s wealth in a year • Other economic indicators are: Types of jobs: Primary (including agricultural) Extract materials from the earth: agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry Secondary (including manufacturing) Workers transform and assemble raw material s into useful products Tertiary(including services) Provision of goods and services in exchange for payment: banking, law, education, government Productivity: -The value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it -Workers in MDC produce more with less effort because of access to machines, tools, and equipment Consumer Goods: -Wealth generated in MDCs is used to purchase goods and services - Especially important: Goods related to communications (telephones and computers) and transportation (motor vehicles)

7. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

8. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?Social indicators of development • Education and Literacy, Health and Welfare • MDCs use part of their wealth to provide schools, hospitals and welfare services • As a result people are better educated, healthier, and better protected from hardships • Infants are more likely to survive and adults are more likely to live longer • Education and Literacy • 2 measures collected: Student/Teacher ration and Literacy Rate • Student Teacher ration: for Primary Grades, over 30 for LDCs and less than 20 for MDCs • More likely to receive individual attention • Literacy Rate: People in a country who can read and write • Exceeds 98 % in MDCs and less than 60% for LDCs • Health and Welfare • MDCs: part of their wealth pays for people who can’t care for themselves • In most MDCs health care is a public service available at little or no cost • MDCs: Most governments pay more than 70% of health care (USA is the exception) • LDCs: Private individuals pay for more than half • Health of a population is influenced by diet • On average, people in MDCs receive more calories and protein than they need • People in LDCs receive less than they need.

9. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

10. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?Demographic indicators of development • MDCs display demographic differences from LDCs. • The UN’s HDI uses Life Expectancy as a measure of development • Characteristics from Chapter 2 distinguish between more and less developed nations • Life Expectancy • Chapter 2: defined as the average number of years a newborn can expect to live • LDCs: Babies can expect to live into their 60s; MDCs: into their 70s • With longer life, MDCs have a higher rate of older people • This equates to more retired people on public support • LDCs have 6 times as many young people as old • Infant Mortality Rate • MDCs: better health and welfare permit more babies to survive infancy • MDCs: 99.5 % survive, less than ½ of 1% perish • LDCs: Infant mortality rate is greater • LDCs: 94% survive, 6 percent perish • Malnutrition, lack of medicine needed to survive illness (dehydration from diarrhea) • Natural Increase Rate • Natural increase of the population • LDCs: 1.5 %; MDCs: 0.2 % • Increases need for services that make people healthy and more productive • Crude Birth Rate • LDCs: 23 per 1,000; MDCs: 12 per 1,000

11. Key Issue 2:Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

12. Key Issue 2:Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? • More developed regions • North America= HDI 0.95 • Europe= HDI 0.93 • Other= Russia: HDI 0.73, Japan: HDI 0.96, Oceania: HDI 0.90 • Less developed regions • Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs= HDI 0.82 • Southwest Asia and North Africa = HDI 0.74 • Southeast Asia = HDI: 0.73 • Central Asia = HDI: 0.70 • South Asia = HDI 0.61 • Sub-Saharan Africa= HDI: 0.51

13. Key Issue 3:Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender-related development index Gender empowerment

14. Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? • Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) • Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes • Four measures (similar to HDI): • Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes • Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males • Percent of literate females to literate males • Life expectancy of females to males

15. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17

16. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21

17. Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? • Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) • Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics • Uses economic and political indicators: • Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes • Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women • Percentage of administrative jobs held by women • Percentage of women holding national office

18. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Figure 9-22

19. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23

20. Progress Toward Development Figure 9-26

21. Key Issue 4:Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Development through self-sufficiency Development through international trade International trade approach triumphs Financing development Fair trade • To reduce differences between rich and poor countries LDCs must develop more rapidly by increasing per capita GDP • To promote development, LDCs choose one of two models to follow: • One emphasis international trade, the other self sufficiency

22. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Development through self-sufficiency • A country should spread investments equally across all sectors of their economy and in all regions • If this occurs the following Characteristics should be evident: • Pace of development = modest • Distribution of development = even • Barriers are established to protect local business by isolating them from international corporations • Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers • Two major problems with this approach: • Inefficient businesses are protected • A large bureaucracy is developed

23. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Development through international trade calls for a country to identify its distinctive or unique economic assets • Rostow’s model of development(1950s) • All countries fall somewhere in five stages; MDCs: stage 4 or 5, LDCs: stage 1, 2 , or 3. • The assumption is LDCs will achieve development; MDCs passed through all stages at one time • Five stage model of development • Traditional Society: Not yet started to develop, high percentage of people involved in agriculture, national wealth allocated to military and religion • Preconditions for Take-off: an elite group initiates development through investing in new technology and infrastructure; an increase of productivity is the result • The Take-off: Rapid growth begins in a limited number of economic activities. Other societal sectors remain traditional • The drive to maturity: Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries promoting rapid growth. Workers become skilled and specialized. • The age of mass-consumption: the economy shifts from production of heavy industry to consumer goods

24. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Development through international trade • Most developing countries follow self sufficiency approach • Examples of international trade approach (mid 20th Century) • The “four Asian dragons” (four little tigers, the gang of four) • South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, then British colony of Hong Kong • Singapore and Hong Kong had no natural resources • South Korea and Taiwan followed Japan’s lead in trade • Concentrated on trade of manufactured goods (clothing and electronics) • Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states • Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE • Once among the least developed countries, transformed over night into some of the wealthiest due to oil resources • Three major problems: • Uneven resource distribution: • Increased dependence on MDCs • Market decline

25. Key Issue 4:Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • International trade approach triumphs • The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century • Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development • Trade has increased more rapidly than wealth as a result of the importance of the international trade approach • Example: India • Foreign factories set up shop in India • Tariffs on import/export were reduced or eliminated • Monopolies were eliminated on communications and insurance • Competition has increase the products coming out of India • World Trade Organization (WTO) • Through the WTO, countries work to eliminate trade restrictions on goods • They also work to eliminate restrictions on the movement of money by individuals and corporations • The WTO also works to keep trade agreements • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • An investment of money by one country in another country • Most investments go between MDCs

26. Triumph of International Trade Approach Figure 9-28 Figure 9-27

27. Foreign Direct Investment Figure 9-30

28. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Financing development • LDCs obtain money from MDCs to fund development • Two sources of funds: • Loans • The World Bank includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA): provides loans for countries to reform government and legal institutions • IMF: Provides loans experiencing payment problems • Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations • Structural adjustment programs: Provide cancelation and restructuring of loans with out penaties

29. Debt as a Percentage of Income Figure 9-31

30. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Fair trade approach • Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs • Two sets of standards • Fair trade producer standards • Fair trade worker standards • Producers and workers usually earn more • Consumers usually pay higher prices

31. Core and Periphery Model Figure 9-32

32. The End. Up next: Agriculture