YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI )

1. YALE/TULANE ESF-8 PLANNING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT (JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI ) MAP KEY LINKS • GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN • Government of Japan website: • http://www.kantei.go.jp • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS • RELIEFWEB • UNICEF • International Nuclear Safety Center • Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System • WHO • US GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS • The Department of State • U.S Embassy in Japan • State Dept.'s DipNote on Twitter • State Dept. Background Note • U.S. Agency for International Development • OFDA • Library of Congress Country Study - Japan • CIA World Fact Book • The Department of Defense • The Department of Homeland Security • The Department of Health and Human Services • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • CDC- Tsunami • CDC-Earthquake • CDC-Radiation Emergencies • FEMA Blog • US Geological Survey • NOAA Center for Tsunami Research • NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center • PORTALS • All Partners Access Network (APAN) Background Earthquake Tsunami Fire Nuclear Power Plants Government of Japan UN Response US Response Health Threats AS OF: 1200 EST 12 MARCH 2011

2. On 11 Mar 2011 05:46 UTC, an 8.9 magnitude earthquake struck 400km (250 miles) north-east of Tokyo off the coast of Japan, triggering a tsunami. Because the earthquake’s hypocenter, or rupture point, was 24.4 kilometers (15.2 miles) deep, it is considered a shallow earthquake, the most dangerous type of quake.. • The level of destruction is still not clear and is likely to be some days before a clearer picture emerges as to the extent of damage. The most affected areas are near the coastal city of Sendai in Miyagi Prefecture which has a population of one million and is 300 km northeast of Tokyo. • The Government of Japan (GOJ) says more than 1,231buildings have been destroyed and another 4,000 damaged. Approximately 1,450 roads, eight railways and 22 bridges are damaged or washed away. An irrigation dam has reportedly burst sweeping away houses in Fukushima. • The Government is currently putting the number of casualties at 464 with 771 people missing but the extent of the destruction along the lengthy stretch of coastline suggests the death toll is more likely in the 1000’s, most of these are attributed to the Tsunami. A massive tsunami, as much as 10 meters deep, swept up to six miles inland devastating large swaths of Japanese coastal areas. • The quake was the fifth-largest in the world since 1900 and nearly 8,000 times stronger than the one which devastated Christchurch, New Zealand, last month. • Fires have broken throughout the region and continue to burn • 145 of the 70 hospitals designated for acute emergencies are fully operational in Tokyo and Tohoku; 2 0f 7 hospitals in Sendai are not operational. • Ten out of 13 nuclear reactors in Miyagi and Fukushima automatically shut down in three power plants (Onogawa, Fukishima Daiichi and FukishimaDaini). The automatic shut down went as planned for the Onogawa plant. In the FukishimaDaini, the coolant system did not function properly but the water levels are being maintained. The Fukishima Daiichi number one unit could not maintain the level of coolant needed to adequately cool the core and the water levels are falling. The pressure within the reactor subsequently increased and the efforts to release the pressure were not successful.The Government of Japan has declared a State of Atomic Power Emergency in relation to the Fukushima nuclear power plants. JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMIBACKGROUND WHO Western Pacific Region Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 03 OCHA Situation Report No. 1 12 March 2011 COE: Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Update - March 11, 2011 NOAA / PMEL / Center for Tsunami Research

3. JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMISITUATION MAP

4. M 8.9 - NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN Earthquake Shaking Alert Level: RED Friday, March 11th, 2011 at 05:46:23 UTC (14:46:23 local) Location: 38.3 N, 142.4 E , Depth: 24km, USGS Estimated Population Exposed to Earthquake Shaking Selected Cities Exposed from GeoNames Database of Cities with 1,000 or more residents. Population ExposurePopulation per ~1 sq. km. from LandScan Structure Information Summary Overall, the population in this region resides in structures that are resistant to earthquake shaking, though some vulnerable structures exist. The predominant vulnerable building types are non-ductile reinforced concrete frame and heavy wood frame construction. Estimated Fatalities Estimated Economic Losses

5. The 8.9 magnitude earthquake that hit at 1446 local time (0546 GMT), 120 km off the northeastern coast, at a depth of 20 km was followed by 10-metre high tsunami, causing widespread destruction. • The level of destruction is still not clear and is likely to be some days before a clearer picture emerges as to the extent of damage. The most affected areas are near the coastal city of Sendai in Miyagi Prefecture which has a population of one million and is 300 km northeast of Tokyo. • Large coastal areas have been submerged and entire villages washed away. The vast majority of causalities are likely to be as a result of the tsunami rather than the earthquake. • The tsunami that swept over Japan’s northeastern coast was reportedly as high as 33 feet at the port of Sendai city in Miyagi prefecture (state), the worst-hit area. The coastal city is located some 180 miles (300 km) from Tokyo, and is home to some one million people. • The tsunami waves reached as far as six miles (10 km) inland in Miyagi. Although official numbers are not yet in, tens of thousands of people have reportedly been displaced across the country. • At least 60,000 to 70,000 people were evacuated to shelters in the Sendai area. The Sendai domestic airport was submerged, according to the UN. • Strong tsunami waves also hit Fukushima prefecture, causing widespread damage to coastal communities. There are also reports that a dam had broken in Fukushima and some 1,800 houses may have been destroyed.   SITUATION(Tsunami) Government officials today announced 9,500 people are unaccounted for in the port of Minamisanriku . Model runs from the Center for Tsunami Research at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory show the expected wave heights of the tsunami as it travels across the Pacific basin. OCHA Situation Report No. 1 12 March 2011 COE: Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Update - March 11, 2011

6. Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency said fires broke out in 207 locations in 12 prefectures. More than 59 out of 207 fires have been extinguished but 148 still rage out of control. An explosion hit a petrochemical plant in Sendai while a huge fire swept through an oil refinery in Ichihara city in Chiba prefecture. OCHA’s Environmental Emergencies Section is monitoring the situation and says it can provide specialized assistance to help mitigate risks. SITUATION(FIRES) As night fell across the country, the fires gave the sky an orange glow as they continued to burn among the rubble of destroyed buildings Thick black smoke continues to rise from burning factory buildings in Sendai. Two fires glow like molten lava amid the devastated houses in Yamada town Billowing: A plume of black smoke fills the sky as a huge fire burns at the oil refinery at Chilba City Flames engulf houses in Sendai, Miyagi, after they were swallowed up by enormous waves that swept through Japan after a massive earthquake this morning OCHA Situation Report No. 1 12 March 2011 COE: Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Update - March 11, 2011

7. The Government has also declared a State of Atomic Power Emergency in relation to the Fukushima nuclear • power plants. • Japanese authorities have informed the IAEA’s Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) that, starting at 9:00AM local time, 12 March 2011. they have started the preparation for the venting of the containment of the Unit 1 reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi plant through a controlled release of vapor. The operation is intended to lower pressure inside the reactor containment. • Evacuation of residents living within ten kilometres of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant is reported to be under way. An area with a radius of three kilometres around the plant had already been evacuated. The evacuation of residents living within three kilometres of the Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant is also under way. • Pressure was building in reactors of two plants at Tokyo Electric Power Co's Fukushima facility, located ~240 km (150 miles) north of Tokyo. At one of them, the Daiichi plant, pressure was set to release soon, which could result in a radiation leak, officials said. • Thousands of people living near the Fukushima nuclear power plant have been ordered to evacuate Maps of Nuclear Power Reactors: JAPAN SITUATION(NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS) WHO Western Pacific Region Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 03 OCHA Situation Report No. 1 12 March 2011 IAEA Japan Earthquake Update (0730 CET) 12 March 2011 IAEA Japan Earthquake Update (2210 CET) 11 March 2011

8. The Government has also declared a State of Atomic Power Emergency in relation to the Fukushima nuclear • power plants. • Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) has informed the IAEA's Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) that there has been an explosion at the Unit 1 reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, and that they are assessing the condition of the reactor core. • The explosion was reported to NISA by the plant operator, TEPCO, at 0730 CET. Further details were not immediately available. • Japanese authorities have extended the evacuation zone around the Fukushima Daiichi plant to a 20-kilometre radius from the previous 10 kilometres. • At the nearby Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant, the evacuation zone has been extended to a 10-kilometre radius from the previous three kilometres. • The authorities also say they are making preparations to distribute iodine to residents in the area of both the plants. • The blast at the Fukushima Daiichi plant injured four workers and crippled the plant's cooling systems, according to Japan's nuclear and industrial safety agency. The explosion sent a plume of white smoke into the air. • The explosion was not caused by the nuclear reactor but by "water vapor that was part of the cooling process," Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said Saturday. SITUATION(NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS) An explosion destroyed the walls and roof of a building at Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. Levels around the plant have already reached 20 times normal and there were fears the reactor could meltdown. Five reactors along Japan's eastern coast have been labeled as dangerous after the 8.9-magnitude quake caused massive damage IAEA Japan Earthquake Update (0730 CET) 12 March 2011 IAEA Japan Earthquake Update (2210 CET) 11 March 2011

9. The Japanese Red Cross (JRC) has mobilized staff and volunteers, and sent 18 national disaster response teams to conduct assessments and provide first aid and healthcare in the affected areas. Emergency relief planning is underway. (IFRC, Mar 11) • The Bank of Japan established a task force led by Governor Masaaki Shirakawa, saying its online network system that processes transactions between the bank and financial institutions was operating normally. (Japan Times, Mar 11)  • The Government of Japan (GoJ) has established an Emergency Response Team, which will be led by the Prime Minister, Naoto Kan. • The Government is currently putting the number of casualties at 464 with 771 people missing but the extent of the destruction along the lengthy stretch of coastline suggests the death toll could rise significantly. (as of 12 Mar) • According to Japan’s Kyodo News Agency, the government has dispatched 8,000 troops to assist in the recovery effort and has requested for US military assistance. • GOJ has dispatched more than 300 planes and 40 ships are conducting airlifts and boat rescues. . • The Government of Japan has accepted offers of assistance from Australia, United States, Republic of South Korea, New Zealand, Germany, Singapore and Mexico. It has also agreed to the deployment of a United Nations Disaster and Assessment (UNDAC) team. • Due to the impact of the earthquake, Japan declared a state of nuclear emergency, after the failure of a cooling system at a nuclear plant in the Fukushima Prefecture. GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN A soldier carries an elderly man on his back to a shelter in Natori city, Miyagi prefecture OCHA Situation Report No. 1 12 March 2011 COE: Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Update - March 11, 2011

10. National emergency management committee, led by the Prime Minister, has been established to oversee and coordinate all response activities. All relevant ministries and agencies such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Land and Transportation and Ministry of Health have been involved in the response. • The nuclear disaster response committee has been activated. A state of emergency has been declared. • All prefectures have also activated local government response. • · Police and Fire Department • Police helicopters deployed to Miyagi and Iwate for support • Assisting through deployment of response teams via helicopters and ships • Transportation • Site assessments throughout the Tohoku and Kanto regions • · Coast Guard • Coordinating evacuation and alerts services • Alerts to potential radiation exposure in Fukushima nuclear plant • · Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare • - Activities coordinated through DMAT (Disaster Medical Assistance Team) • Responding: 8 teams • Deployed: 139 teams • Standby: 170 teams • Preparing deployment of vehicles for provision of water to affected areas • Ministry of Forests and Waters and Ministry of Finance • Provision of rice, foods, and water • Deployment of 5 000 portable latrines • Provision of blankets, radios, gasoline, flashlights, dry ice, and other essentials being prepared • Japan is conducting a massive rescue and relief effort. Naval destroyers and other ships have been sent to devastated areas of Honshu Island; air force fighter jets currently flying reconnaissance missions. Army helicopters were sent to rescue hundreds of people stranded at an elementary school in Watari, Miyagi prefecture. Self Defense Force team arrived on the ground at Fukushima's Daiichi nuclear power plant site. GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN WHO Western Pacific Region Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 03

11. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is prepared to provide public health and medical support to the government of Japan, the state of Hawaii, and states along the West Coast, should assistance be needed in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami. HHS is deploying a Disaster Medical Assistance Team of more than 35 healthcare professionals, advanced logistics team, and an Incident Response Coordination Team (IRCT), to Travis Air Force Base in California, as well as caches of medical equipment and supplies. From the Air Force base, the teams and equipment can deploy quickly wherever they are needed if requested by states or territories in the region or by the government of Japan.  Additional HHS teams are on alert, ready to deploy if needed to provide emergency medical care, staff medical shelters, augment community hospital staff, provide veterinary care, or conduct disaster mortuary operations. HHS regional emergency coordinators (REC’s) are also in contact with state and territory health officers to ensure states have the resources necessary to respond to tsunamis impacting the US coast. The Administration on Aging is monitoring the situation with the state, tribal and local agencies on aging in impacted areas to ensure safety of older adults. All tsunami resources will be posted on CDC's Tsunami webpage: http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/.  In response to the earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is dispatching a Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) and has mobilized its partners, the Fairfax County and Los Angeles County Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) Teams. Each USAR team will be composed of approximately 72 personnel, search and rescue canines and approximately 75 tons of rescue equipment. The USAR teams will be accompanied by USAID disaster experts who will assist with assessments of the situation. UNITED STATES RESPONSE USAID Responds Immediately to Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

12. U.S. Pacific Fleet ships in the Western Pacific were converging on Japan to be in the best position to help those in areas damaged by the massive earthquake and subsequent tsunami. • USS Tortuga (LSD 46), a dock landing ship that carries helicopters and landing craft to support amphibious operations, left its forward deployed port of Sasebo in Southern Japan last evening to embark MH-53 heavy lift helicopters.  • USS Essex (LHD 2), also forward deployed to Sasebo, with the embarked 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, had just arrived in Malaysia, but is getting ready to return to Japan to rendezvous with USS Harpers Ferry (LSD 49) and USS Germantown (LSD 42) off Tokyo to prepare for any humanitarian assistance/disaster relief duties. • The USS Blue Ridge, which is the command flagship of the 7th Fleet, is loading a humanitarian assistance and disaster relief kit and is making preparations to sail from Singapore on March 12. These kits cover the needs of about 10,000 people for three months. • The USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76), which departed Southern California waters on March 5 for a regularly scheduled deployment to the Western Pacific and U.S. Central Command area of responsibility. Reagan is the flagship of the Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group, which includes USS Chancellorsville (CG 62) and USS Preble (DDG 88). All three ships were headed to Honshu’s east coast. It is too early to say what they will be tasked with once they arrive. UNITED STATES RESPONSE(DOD) SINGAPORE (March 11, 2011) - Sailors on board U.S. 7th Fleet command flagship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) on-load humanitarian assistance supplies in Singapore to ensure the ship and crew are ready to support earthquake and tsunami relief operations in Japan if directed. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Fidel C. Hart) Navy Units Prepare to Support Tsunami-Damaged Areas

13. World Health Organization-Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WHO-WPRO) • · The Event Management Group has been activated to monitor and alert others with regard to the evolving situation, as well as to communicate and coordinate the response efforts. The WPRO Situation Room is currently operational. • · WPRO has been in contact with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. • The National IHR Focal Point has been designated by Japan to communicate with WHO on the event. • · WPRO has been communicating with its country offices, headquarters and other relevant offices to monitor the situation and prepare for possible WHO support for response. • · • WPRO/ENH (Environmental Health) has joined the Event Management Group to advise, assess and monitor the situation related to nuclear power plants, • · Regular situation reports (WHO internal) are being produced and distributed to relevant offices and staff. Regular situation updates are also available on the WPRO website. • · WPRO is currently on standby to provide necessary support to affected countries. • · Some partner agencies have expressed material and human resources support to WHO for the emergency response efforts. • According to the UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), 62 international SAR teams were on alert, monitoring the situation and ready to help. UN agencies are on standby to assist Japan and other countries affected by tsunami waves generated by the earthquake but are advised to remain on standby until further notice. • The OCHA Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) has been in contact with the OCHA Kobe office that will monitor government and media sources. OCHA has been using its regional offices in Bangkok and elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region to monitor the situation, with a special focus placed on watching the tsunami triggered by the quake. • A UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team is currently being mobilized. • The UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and UN Operational Satellite Applications Program (UNOSAT) are monitoring the situation. Space Charter was triggered by Japan and UNOSAT is in contact with the Space Charter coordinator for the event. (UNOCHA, Mar 11) • The UN’s World Food Program (WFP) reported staff on standby across the Asia-Pacific region ready to respond to calls for assistance UNITED NATIONS OCHA Situation Report No. 1 12 March 2011

14. THREAT ASSESSMENT - EARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS Of THE AREA DAMAGE = RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE • Geology • Faults • Bedrock • Soft Soil • Topography • Elevation • Population patterns and demographics • Urbanization • Structures • Vulnerabilities to movement • Transportation • Nodes • Networks • Environmental • Utilities • Medical Intuition • Magnitude of the earthquake • Generation of a Tsunami • Distance from the fault • Type of ground materials beneath the structure • The density of the population • The structural integrity of the buildings

15. Contamination of Drinking Water Water-Borne Disease Vector-Borne Disease Rodent-Borne Disease Molds/Allergens Infections Infectious Diseases Malnutrition Food safety TIC/TIM (s) Exposure TIC/TIM Environmental Sanitation Debris and Waste Land and Agriculture Health Facilities Delays/ Inability to Evacuate Access to care prohibited Medical System Failure Orthopedic Injuries Crushing Trauma Eye injuries Chronic Diseases Infectious Disease Burns/Smoke Inhalation Exposure Loss of Essential Services HEALTH THREATS FROM EARTHQUAKES WITH TSUNAMI Loss of Utilities Infrastructure Fires and Explosions Earthquake Loss of Transportation Networks Services Emergency Services Public Health Command and Control Government Info - Communication Coordination Loss of Assets Displacement Acute Respiratory Infections Meningitis Measles Malnutrition Dehydration Diarrhea Communicable Diseases Cold Weather injuries Socio-Economic Loss of Shelter Loss of Employment Loss of Access To Food/Water

16. LIKELY SOURCE OF PATIENTS REQUIRING EVACUATION Unknown (Estimate) Known (Average) Anticipated Workload Hospital patients (Med/Surg, ICU, ventilated) Nursing Home Patients, Hospice, Long-Term Care Facilities Patients from registered Nursing Homes special needs - medical ambulatory and litter Psychiatric Care Facilities Prison Patients • Incident derived injuries • Preexisting conditions • Chronic conditions • Exacerbated problems • Special populations • Very young • Very old • Mental disabilities • Physical disabilities • Casualties caused by the incident • Rates vary by type of incident and population density • Homecare/Medically Fragile • Generally not registered on a central database • Special needs – medical, elderly • Ambulatory and litter • Will likely be evacuated during SAR (s)