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Learning. Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning. Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions. Classical Conditioning. Pavlov’s device for recording salivation. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment. Before Conditioning.
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Learning Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • 1849-1936 • Russian physician/ neurophysiologist • Nobel Prize in 1904 • studied digestive secretions
Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning • Classical Conditioning • a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus • salivation when food is in the mouth
Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response • Conditioned Response (CR) • learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning • John B. Watson • viewed psychology as objective science • generally agreed-upon consensus today • recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes • not universally accepted by all schools of thought today
Classical Conditioning • Generalization • tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses • Discrimination • in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
Classical Conditioning • Acquisition • the initial stage in classical conditioning • the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning • Extinction • diminishing of a CR • in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS • in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced
Acquisition (CS+UCS) Strength of CR Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Pause Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning • Spontaneous Recovery • reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Current Understanding • Early behaviorists did not consider cognition but . . . • Conditioning is based upon predictability and expectancy • Conditioning occurs best when the pairing of stimuli is similar to a causal relationship
Current Understanding • Early behaviorists believed that any natural response could be conditioned using any neutral stimulus but . . . • An animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology
Current Understanding • Biological Predispositions • A species will learn particular associations that enhance its survival John Garcia
UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
So What? • Classical Conditioning allows animals to adapt to their environment • Animals are extra-responsive to stimuli that announce significant events such as food or pain • Conditioning enables animals to develop likes and dislikes that aid survival
Applications of Classical Conditioning • Every species tested has developed adaptations through classical conditioning • Psychological Therapy • Animal training and control • Addiction recovery
So where do we see Classical Conditioning every day? • Advertisers link powerful emotions with their products
