INFANCY & CHILDHOOD

INFANCY & CHILDHOOD CHAPTER EIGHT PART TWO

Neonate • A newborn child

Reflexes • Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

Attachment • The positive emotional that develops between a child & a particular individual

Authoritarian Parents • Parents who are rigid & punitive & value unquestioning obedience from their children

Permissive Parents • Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them

Authoritative Parents • Parents who are firm, set clear limit, reason with their children, and explain things to them

Uninvolved Parents • Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detected

TRY IT !!!!! • PAGE 311

Temperament • Basic, innate disposition

Psychosocial Development • Development of individuals’ interactions & of their knowledge & understanding of themselves as members of society

Trust-vs-Mistrust Stage • The first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1 ½ years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust

Autonomy-vs-Shame-and Doubt Stage • The period during which toddlers, (ages 1 ½ to 3 years), develop independence & autonomy if exploration & freedom are encouraged, or shame & self-doubt if they are restricted & overprotected

Initiative-vs-Guilt Stage • The period during which children( ages 3 to 6 ) experience conflict between independence of action & the sometimes negative results of that action

Industry-vs-Inferiority Stage • The last stage of childhood, during which children (ages 6 to 12), may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate & become less social

Cognitive Development • The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age & experience

Sensorimotor Stage • The stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols

Object Permanence • The awareness of objects & people, continues to exist even if they are out of sight

Preoperational Stage • The period from 2 to 7 years, that is characterized by language development

Egocentric Thought • A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective

Principle if Conservation • The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement & physical appearance of objects

Concrete Operational Stage • The period from 2 to 7 years, that is characterized by logical thought & a loss of egocentrism

Formal Operational Stage • The period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought

Information Processing • The way in which people take in use, & store information

Metacognition • An awareness & understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) • The level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own.

INFANCY & CHILDHOOD