A High-Statistics n -Nucleus Scattering Experiment Using an On-Axis, Fine-grained Detector

1. New Experiment in the Fermilab Neutrino Program A High-Statistics n-Nucleus Scattering Experiment Using an On-Axis, Fine-grained Detector in the NuMI Beam MINERnA(Main INjector ExpeRiment n-A) Received Physics Approval from Fermilab PAC in April Jorge G. Morfín - Fermilab

2. Quantitative Study of Low-energy n-Nucleus Interactions Both HEP and NP collaborators D. Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis, G. Tzanakos, M. Zois University of Athens, Athens, Greece D. Casper University of California, Irvine, California E. Paschos University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany D. Boehnlein, D. A. Harris, M. Kostin, J.G. Morfin, P. Shanahan, P. Spentzouris Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois M.E. Christy, W. Hinton, C.E .Keppel Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia R. Burnstein, A. Chakravorty, O. Kamaev, N. Solomey Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois S.Kulagin Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia I. Niculescu. G. .Niculescu James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia G. Blazey, M.A.C. Cummings, V. Rykalin Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois W.K. Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,, W. Melnitchouk, S. Wood Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia S. Boyd, D. Naples, V. Paolone University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A. Bodek, H. Budd, J. Chvojka, P. de Babaro, S. Manly, K. McFarland, I.C. Park, W. Sakumoto, R. Teng University of Rochester, Rochester, New York R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki, K. McCormick, R. Ransome Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey H. Gallagher, T. Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. Oliver Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts J. Nelson William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia Red = HEP, Blue = NP, Green = Theorist

3. Motivation: Detailed Knowledge of low-energy Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions DISMALAs we saw MiniBooNe and K2K improving the situation at Lower Energies Typical samples of NC 1-p production • ANL •  p n + (7 events) •  n n 0 (7 events) • Gargamelle •  p p 0 (240 evts) •  n n 0 (31 evts) • K2K and MiniBooNe • Starting a careful analysis of single 0 production. Strange Particle Production • Gargamelle-PS - 15 L events. • FNAL - ≈ 100 events • ZGS - 7 events • BNL - 8 events • Larger NOMAD sample expected CC n + n m- + p S. Zeller - NuInt04

4. n The MINERnA Detector OPTIONAL • Active target of scintillator bars (6t total, 3 - 5 t fiducial) - M64PMT • Surrounded by calorimeters • upstream calorimeters are Pb, Fe targets (~1t each) • magnetized side and downstream tracker/calorimeter C, Fe and Pb Nuclear targets

5. Active Target Module • Planes of strips are hexagonal • inner detector: active scintillator strip tracker rotated by 60º to get stereo U and V views • Pb “washers” around outer 15 cm of active target • outer detector: frame, HCAL, spectrometer • XUXV planes  module Inner, fully-activestrip detector Outer Detectormagnetized sampling calorimeter

6. Location in NuMI Near Hall • MINERnA preferred running is as close as possible to MINOS, (without Muon Ranger), using MINOS as high energy muon spectrometer • If necessary, MINERnA can run stand-alone elsewhere in the hall with the muon ranger

7. The NuMI Neutrino Beam Main injector: 120 GeV protons 1 km 110 m Move target only Move target and Second horn With E-907(MIPP) at Fermilab to measure particle spectra from the NuMI target,expect to know neutrino flux to ≈±3-4 %.

8. MINERnA will have the statistics to cover a wide variety of important n physics topics Assume9x1020 POT: MINOS chooses 7.0x1020 in LE n beam, 1.2x1020 in sME and 0.8x1020 in sHE Typical Fiducial Volume = 3-5 tons CH, 0.6 ton C, ≈ 1 ton Fe and ≈ 1 ton Pb 3 - 4.5 M events in CH 0.5 M events in C 1 M events in Fe 1 M events in Pb nm Event Rates per fiducial ton Process CC NC Quasi-elastic 103 K 42 K Resonance 196 K 70 K Transition 210 K 65 K DIS 420 K 125 K Coherent 8.4 K 4.2 K TOTAL 940 K 305 K Main Physics Topics with Expected Produced Statistics • Quasi-elastic 300 K events off 3 tons CH • Resonance Production 600 K total, 450 K 1p • Coherent Pion Production 25 K CC / 12.5 K NC • Nuclear Effects C:0.6M, Fe: 1M and Pb: 1 M • sT and Structure Functions 2.8 M total /1.2 M DIS event • Strange and Charm Particle Production > 60 K fully reconstructed events • Generalized Parton Distributions(few K events?)

9. To perform a wide variety of n physics studies:What is the MINERnA Physics Program? • Physics Monte Carlos - NEUGEN (H. Gallagher) and NUANCE (D. Casper) • Quasi-elastic (n + n --> m-+ p, 300 K events off 3 tons CH) - A. Bodek, H. Budd • Precision measurement of s(En) and ds/dQ important for neutrino oscillation studies. • Precision determination of axial vector form factor (FA), particularly at high Q2 • Study of proton intra-nuclear scattering and their A-dependence (C, Fe and Pb targets) • Resonance Production(e.g. n + N -->n /m- + D, 600 K total, 450K 1p) - S.Wood, M.Paschos • Precision measurement of s and ds/dQfor individual channels • Detailed comparison with dynamic models, comparison of electro- & photo production, the resonance-DIS transition region -- duality • Study of nuclear effects and their A-dependence e.g. 1 p<-- > 2 p <--> 3 p final states • Coherent Pion Production(n + A --> n /m- + A + p, 25 K CC / 12.5 K NC)- H. Gallagher • Precision measurement of s(E) for NC and CC channels • Measurement of A-dependence • Comparison with theoretical models

10. To perform a wide variety ofn physics studies - continued • Nuclear Effects(C, Fe and Pb targets)-S. Boyd, R. Ransome and J. G. M. • Final-state intra-nuclear interactions. Measure multiplicities and Evis off C, Fe and Pb. • Measure NC/CC as a function of EH off C, Fe and Pb. • Measure shadowing, anti-shadowing and EMC-effect as well as flavor-dependent nuclear effects and extract nuclear parton distributions. • MINERnA and Oscillation Physics - D. A. Harris • MINERnA measurements enable greater precision in measure of Dm, sin2q23 in MINOS • MINERnA measurements important for q13 in MINOS and off-axis experiments • MINERnA measurements as foundation for measurement of possible CP and CPT violations in the n-sector • sT and Structure Functions (2.8 M total /1.2 M DIS events) - C. Keppel and J. G. M. • Precision measurement of low-energy total and partial cross-sections • Understand resonance-DIS transition region - duality studies with neutrinos • Detailed study of high-xBj region: extract pdf’s and leading exponentials over 1.2M DIS events

11. To perform a wide variety ofn physics studies - continued • Strange and Charm Particle Production(> 60 K fully reconstructed exclusive events) - A. Mann, V. Paolone and N. Solomey • Exclusive channel s(En)precision measurements - importance for nucleon decaybackground studies. • Statistics sufficient to reignite theorists attempt for a predictive phenomenology • Exclusive charm production channels at charm threshold to constrain mc • Generalized Parton Distributions (few K events??) - W. Melnitchouk and R. Ransome • Provide unique combinations of GPDs, not accessible in electron scattering (e.g. C-odd, or valence-only GPDs), to map out a precise 3-dimensional image of the nucleon. MINERnA would expect a few K signature events in 4 years. • Provide better constraints on nucleon (nuclear) GPDs, leading to a more definitive determination of the orbital angular momentum carried by quarks and gluons in the nucleon (nucleus) • provide constraints on axial form factors, including transition nucleon --> N* form factors

12. A few MINERnA Physics Results:Quasi-elastic ScatteringMINERnA: 300 K events off CH and over 100 K off of Fe and Pb • Cross-section important for understanding low-energy neutrino oscillation results and needed for all low energy neutrino monte carlos used in neutrino oscillation analyses. • Constrained kinematics help measure final state interactions off three different nuclear targets. S. Zeller - NuInt04 MINERnA Expected MiniBooNe And K2K measurements Expected MiniBooNe and K2K measurements

13. Extraction of FA with Selected Sample Expected MiniBooNe and K2K measurements MINERnA will have the statistics and Q2 range to distinguish between the two different suggested Q2 behaviors.

14. n n p0 Z N N P Coherent Pion Production • Characterized by a small energy transfer to the nucleus, forward going p. NC (p0 production)significant background for nm --> .ne oscillation search • Data has not been precise enough to discriminate between several very different models. • Expect roughly (30-40)% detection efficiency with MINERnA. • Can also study A-dependence with MINERnA

15. Coherent Pion ProductionMINERnA: 25 K CC / 12.5 K NC events off C - 8.3 K CC/ 4.2 K NC off Fe and Pb Rein-Seghal Paschos- Kartavtsev MINERnA Expected MiniBooNe and K2K measurements

16. Physics with the Resonance (+ Transition Region) Scattering Sample: > 1,000,000 events (400 K 1p)produced

17. Resonance Production - DS. Wood and M. Paschos Total Cross-section and ds/dQ2 for the D++ assuming 50% detection efficiency Errors are statistical only: 175K D++ DO NOT FORGET RADIATIVE DECAYS AS BACKGROUND TO nm--> ne sT

18. Resonance Production - Nuclear Effects Adler, Nusinov, Paschos model (1974) One obvious omission, this model does not include hadron formation length corrections En = 5 GeV p+ LH on p+ p- LH off NEUGEN MINERnA can measure LH off of C, Fe and Pb

19. Nuclear Effects MINERnA: 2.8 M events off CH, 600 K off C and 1 M events off of Fe and PbS. Boyd, JGM, R. Ransome Q2 distribution for SciBar detector Problem has existed for over two years • All “known” nuclear effects taken into account: • Pauli suppression, Fermi Motion, Final State Interactions • They have not included low-n shadowing that is only • allowed with axial-vector (Boris Kopeliovich at NuInt04) • Lc = 2n / (mp2 + Q2) ≥ RA (not mA2) • Lc100 times shorter with mp allowing low n-low Q2 shadowing • ONLY MEASURABLE VIA NEUTRINO - NUCLEUS • INTERACTIONS! MINERnA WILL MEASURE THIS • ACROSS A WIDE n AND Q2 RANGE WITH C : Fe : Pb Larger than expected rollover at low Q2 MiniBooNE From J. Raaf (NOON04)

20. Nuclear Effects • Modified Interaction Probabilities • Shadowing Region (xBj < 0.1): Expect a difference in comparison to e/m - nucleus results due to axial-vector current and quark-flavor dependent nuclear effects. • EMC-effect (0.2 < xBj < 0.7): depends on explanation of the effect • Fermi Motion Effect (xBj > 0.7): should be the same as e-nucleus scattering • With sufficient n: measure flavor dependent effects. • NC/CC off C, Fe and Pb • Over 100 K CC and 30 K NC with EH > 5 GeV on Fe and Pb, times 3 for Carbon. S. Kulagin prediction for shadowing region xBj

21. Strange and Charm Particle Production Existing Strange Particle Production Gargamelle-PS - 15 L events. FNAL - ≈ 100 events ZGS - 7 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD inclusive sample expected • Theory: Initial attempts at a predictive phenomenology stalled in the 70’s due to lack of constraining data. • MINERvA will focus on exclusive channel strange particle production - fully reconstructed events (small fraction of total events) but still . • Important for background calculations of nucleon decay experiments • With extended n running could study single hyperon production to greatly extend form factor analyses • New measurements of charm production near threshold which will improve the determination of the charm-quark effective mass. MINERnA Exclusive States 100x earlier samples 3 tons and 4 years DS = 0 m- K+ L0 10.5 K m- p0K+ L0 9.5 K m- p+ K0 L0 6.5 K m- K-K+ p5.0 K m- K0K+ p0p1.5 K DS = 1 m- K+ p 16.0 K m- K0 p 2.5 K m- p+ K0n 2.0 K DS = 0 - Neutral Current nK+L0 3.5 K nK0L0 1.0 K nK0L0 3.0 K

22. Detector: Cost Summary and ScheduleBeam and Experimental Hall already Exist! • Costs are primarily scaled from experience of MINERnA collaborators on CMS HCAL and MINOS • $2.55Mequipment • $1.41Mlabor, EDIA • $1.54Mcontingency(39% avg.) • Sum $5.5M • Full project costs not updated since proposal (steel costs up) • Schedule for full detector: ~ 26 - 30 months from start

23. Summary • MINERnA, a recently approved experiment, brings together the expertise of the HEP and NP communities to address the challenges of low-energy n-A physics. • MINERnA will accumulate significantly more events in important exclusive channels across a wider En range than currently available. With excellent knowledge of the beam, s will be well-measured. • With C, Fe and Pb targets MINERnA will enable a systematic study of nuclear effects in n-A interactions, known to be different than well-studied e-A channels. • WE NEED A LARGE ANTINEUTRINO EXPOSURE • We welcome additional collaborators!!