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ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: FROM AIR POLLUTION TO GLOBAL CHANGE AND BACK

Explore the intricate world of atmospheric chemistry, from air pollution to global climate impacts. Learn about pollutants, ozone trends, emissions scenarios, and the interplay of various factors shaping our atmosphere's composition. Dive into the complexities of human activities, natural processes, and future projections in this comprehensive study.

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ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: FROM AIR POLLUTION TO GLOBAL CHANGE AND BACK

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  1. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:FROM AIR POLLUTION TO GLOBAL CHANGE AND BACK Daniel J. Jacob

  2. NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN U.S. COUNTIES VIOLATING NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, 1999 Carbon monoxide (CO) EPA [2001] Lead Nitrogen dioxide 124 ppbv Ozone (O3) 84 ppbv Particles < 10 mm (PM10) • Particles < 2.5 mm • (PM2.5) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Any pollutant

  3. MEAN NUMBER OF SUMMER DAYS (1980-1998) EXCEEDING THE U.S. OZONE AIR QUALITY STANDARD (84 ppbv, 8-hour average) EPA/AIRS data [Lin et al., 2001]

  4. O2 + hn STRATOSPHERE Stratospheric ozone SOURCES OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE Tropopause (8-18 km) TROPOSPHERE ? Complex non-linear chemistry Lightning ? hn hn, H2O Nitrogen oxides (NOx) CO, Hydrocarbons ? Ozone (O3) Hydroxyl (OH) The Pacman of the atmosphere! physics chemistry biology Fires Biosphere Human activity Ocean

  5. LARGE-SCALE POLLUTION IN THE TROPICS:BIOMASS BURNING

  6. TRANSPACIFIC TRANSPORT OF ASIAN DUST April 1998 event R. Husar

  7. CLIMATE FORCING BY AIR POLLUTANTSGLOBAL RADIATIVE FORCING OF CLIMATE, 1750-present [IPCC, 2001] POLLUTANT-RELATED

  8. BLACK CARBON: A MAJOR “GREENHOUSE” AEROSOL DIESEL DOMESTIC COAL BURNING BIOMASS BURNING Chin et al. [2000]

  9. INCREASE IN TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BACKGROUNDFROM INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORT OF POLLUTION 1870-1990 ozone trend at European mountain sites [Marenco et al.,1994] Preindustrial ozone assumed in IPCC models }

  10. PRESENT OZONE BACKGROUND IS SIZABLE INCREMENT TOWARDS VIOLATION OF U.S. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS(even more so in Europe!) Europe (8-h avg.) Europe (seasonal) U.S. (8-h avg.) U.S. (1-h avg.) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ppbv preindustrial present background

  11. EFFECT OF NORTH AMERICAN SOURCESON EXCEEDANCES OF EUROPEAN AIR QUALITY STANDARD (55 ppbv, 8-h average) GEOS-CHEM model results, summer 1997 Number of exceedance days (out of 92) # of exceedance days that would not have happened in absence of U.S. emissions Li et al. [2002]

  12. Growth of Asian emissions over next decades will increase role of background for ozone air quality in U.S. Anthropogenic NOx emissions [IPCC, 2001] 2000 2020 “Optimistic” IPCC scenario: OECD, U.S. down 20% Asia up 50% 109 atoms N cm-2 s-1

  13. WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?Future emission scenarios from IPCC [2001] A1, A2, B1, B2: different socioeconomic story lines NOx A2: “dirty world” B2: “clean world” SO2

  14. FUTURE EMISSIONS MAY BE LESS THAN PRESENT FORECASTS IF PUSH IS MADE FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND AIR QUALITY IN DEVELOPING WORLD Streets et al. [2001]

  15. GETTING A BIG BANG FOR THE BUCK:controlling methane emissions • A 50% reduction in anthropogenic methane emissions would: • yield a fast negative global radiation forcing of 0.37 W m-2 • (-0.30 W m-2 from methane, -0.07 W m-2 from ozone) • decrease the incidence of ozone > 80 ppbv in surface air • over U.S. by more than 50% • [A.M. Fiore, GEOS-CHEM model results, 2002] Recent methane trend Historical methane trend

  16. IPCC PROJECTION OF FUTURE METHANE EMISSIONS Can we try to decrease methane emissions instead?

  17. FUTURE MONITORING OF EMISSIONS BY INVERSE MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS Assimilated meteorological data 3-D CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODEL Aerosol and chemical processes INVERSE MODEL A PRIORI EMISSIONS (from process model) • OBSERVATIONS • surface • satellite • aircraft OPTIMIZED EMISSIONS

  18. GLOBAL MAPPING OF NOx EMISSIONS FROM SPACE:GOME observations of nitrogen dioxide (July 1996) Martin et al. [2002] GOME GEOS-CHEM model

  19. NASA/TRACE-P AIRCRAFT MISSION TO THE PACIFIC RIM(MARCH-APRIL 2001)Quantifying the export of Asian pollution Satellite data: MOPITT (CO) TOMS (ozone) SEAWIFS, TOMS (aerosols) 3-D chemical transport model forecasts DC-8 and P-3 aircraft Flight tracks were designed to optimize model testing and satellite validation

  20. INTEGRATION OF AIRCRAFT, SATELLITES, AND MODELS:quantifying the Asian dust source in TRACE-P DC-8 flight track DC8 flight track and TOMS absorbing aerosol index Dust forecast for 3/21/01 (Carmichael, U. Iowa) SEAWIFS visible image SEAWIFS aerosol optical depth

  21. FUTURE SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS OF TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 TERRA ENVISAT AURA MODIS/ MISR

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