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The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…”

The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…”. Psychological Testing "There is nothing about an individual as important as his IQ…“ - Lewis M. Terman, 1922. Individual Testing. An early beginning….Pierre Broca (1824-1880). Brain—a good index of intelligence Data

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The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…”

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  1. The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…” Psychological Testing "There is nothing about an individual as important as his IQ…“ - Lewis M. Terman, 1922.

  2. Individual Testing An early beginning….Pierre Broca (1824-1880) • Brain—a good index of intelligence • Data • Autopsies…men’s brains larger than women’s! • Prehistoric skulls smaller; male/female differences increasing over time • Problems with conclusions • Brain size decreases with age • Brain size affected by body size • Prehistoric sample small

  3. JAMES CATTELL • Efforts: Mental Tests – include two-point threshold, JNDs, reaction time, etc., a la Galton • Hallmark: sensorimotor • Results: Low correlation between scores on these tests and GPA at Columbia

  4. "It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life. This faculty is judgment, otherwise called good sense, practical sense, initiative, the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances. A person may be a moron or an imbecile if he is lacking in judgment; but with good judgment he can never be either. Indeed the rest of the intellectual faculties seem of little importance in comparison with judgment" (Binet & Simon, 1916, 1973, pp.42-43).

  5. Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • Education • Law degree; natural sciences; self-taught in psychology • Positions and appointments • Researcher, neurological clinic: Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (1883-1889) • Researcher, Associate Director, Director: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Sorbonne University (1891-1911) • Member, Commission on the Education of Retarded Children (1904) • Hallmark of testing—age scaling; developed norms—1904; revised (with Simon) 1908, 1911

  6. Binet’s Tests • Association • Sentence completion • Themes • Picture descriptions • Object drawing • Digit repetition • Attention and memory • Moral judgement

  7. Henry Goddard (1866-1957) • Education: Ph.D., Psychology, Clark University (1899) • Career • Director of Research, Training School for Feeble-minded Girls and Boys, Vineland, NJ (1906-1918) • Assisted in identifying “mental defectives”, Ellis Island (1910, 1912) • Member of Army Alpha and Beta Testing Team (1917-1919) • Ohio State Bureau of Juvenile Research (1918-1938) • Professor of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, Ohio State University (1922-1938) • Major Contributions • Translated Binet-Simon intelligence scale to English • Distributed 22,000 copies of the translated Binet scale and 88,000 answer blanks across the United States • Established first laboratory for the psychological study of mentally retarded persons (1910) • Helped to draft the first American law mandating special education (1911)

  8. The Kallikak FamilyA study in the heredity of feeblemindedness (1912) • Widely cited • Numerous methodological flaws

  9. Lewis M. Terman • Education:  Clark University • Career: Stanford University (1910-1956) • Major contributions • Mental Testing  • Refinement of Binet-Simon Tests - The Stanford Achievement Test  • Studies of Gifted Children - Terman's Termites (e.g., Jess Oppenheimer)

  10. Florence Goodenough (1886-1859) Education: Columbia University (B.S. & M.A.) and Stanford University (Ph.D.) - under Lewis Terman Major Contributions • Goodenough Draw-A-Man and Minnesota Preschool Scale tests + other alternative tests of intelligence; Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test • Published 9 textbooks, 26 research studies, numerous articles, and wrote Handbook of Child Psychology • Key researcher in Terman’s longitudinal study on giftedness

  11. Anne Anastasi (1908-2001 ) • Education: Columbia University • Career • Barnard College (1930-1939); Queens College (1939-1947); Fordham University (1947-1951) • Third female president of the American Psychological Association (1972) • Major Contributions • Known as the "test guru"  • Extensive examination of issues related to test construction, test misuse, misinterpretation and cultural bias • Viewed intelligence as changeable over time • More than 150 publications, including two "classic" textbooks: Psychological Testing (1st edition 1954; 7th edition, 1996) and Differential Psychology (1st edition 1937; 4th edition, 1981)

  12. Group Testing • Zeitgeist: WWI; military • Yerkes: Army Alpha and Army Beta • Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet • Increasing the credibility of tests • Validity • Reliability • Racial bias

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