Entomology for Master Gardeners

1. Entomology for Master Gardeners David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc” The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH © January, 2009, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved

2. What is Entomology? The study of insects (and their near relatives). What are insects (and near relatives)? Insects and their relatives are ARTHROPODS.

3. Review of Zoological Nomenclature (classifying & naming) Taxonomic Categories Phylum Class Order Family Genus Genus & species

4. Review of Zoological Nomenclature Taxonomic Categories Kingdom - Animalae Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Hexapoda (=Insecta) Order - Coleoptera Family - Scarabaeidae Genus - Popillia Genus & species - Popillia japonicaNewman

5. What are some other Animal Phyla? • Protozoa - single-celled animals. • Platyhelminthes - flatworms, tapeworms • Nematoda - roundworms • Mollusca - clams, snails & slugs, squids • Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins • Annelida - segmented worms (earthworms) • Chordata - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

8. Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms (>15,000 species, all trophic areas)

9. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms (9,000 species, all trophic areas)

10. Phylum Mollusca – Snails/Slugs, Clams, Cephalopods (50,000 species, aquatic and terrestrial)

11. Phylum Chordata – Urocordata, Cephalocordata, Vertebrata (70,000 species)

12. Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda • The segmented bodies are arranged into regions: e.g., head, thorax, abdomen in insects; cephalothorax and abdomen in arachnids and some crustaceans; head and trunk in millipedes and centipedes. • The have paired appendages. • They posses a chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. • They have bilateral symmetry. • The nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back).

13. Arthropod Groups (taxa) The arthropods are divided into two large groups that exist today: The Chelicerates and The Mandibulates

14. Chelicerate Arthropod Characters: • Pincher-like mouthparts - chelicerae - and pedipalps • NO antennae • Two body regions, usually - cephalothorax & abdomen • Four pairs of legs • Horseshoe crabs and arachnids are only living groups

15. Mandibulate Arthropod Characters: • Mouthparts are mandibles - normally chewing sideways • One or two pairs of antennae • Various body region arrangements - cephalothorax & abdomen / head & trunk / head, thorax & abdomen • Variable leg numbers • Insects, crustaceans & myriapods

16. Classes of Arthropods: Chelicerates – Class Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs Class Arachnica – arachnids Mandibulates – Class Crustacea – crustaceans Class Diplopoda – millipedes Class Chilopoda – centipedes Class Symphyla – garden centipedes Class Hexapoda – insects

17. Orders of Arachnids • Scorpiones - scorpions • Pseudoscorpiones - false scorpions • Opiliones - daddy-long-legs or harvestmen • Acari - mites & ticks • Araneae - spiders

18. Pseudoscorpion Tick (a mite) Scorpion Wolf Spider Daddy-long-legs

20. Pseudoscorpion

21. Mite and Tick Body Regions pedipalps & chelicerae cephalothorax abdomen

22. American dog tick male Blacklegged (deer) tick female

23. American dog tick female laying egg mass (1000-2000 eggs!).

24. Clover mites Twospotted spider mites Predatory mite

25. Opiliones (=daddy-long-legs, harvestmen) cephalothorax abdomen

26. Spider Anatomy pedipalp chelicera (fang) cephalothorax narrow waist abdomen

27. Abdomen Cephalothorax Chelicera (fang) Pedipalp Jumping Spider

28. Wolf spider with egg case Spitting spider Orbweaving spider Tarantula

29. Black widow with egg case Brown recluse (fiddleback)

30. Classes of Myriapods (many legged arthropods) (all have one pair of antennae, a head region, and trunk with many pairs of legs, use trachea) • Diplopoda - millipedes • Chilopoda - centipedes • Symphyla - garden centipedes

31. Myriapods [one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs] Millipede (Diplopoda) Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached under body. Centipede (Chilopoda) Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible segment - attached to side of body. Symphylan (Symphyla) [garden centipede] No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body.

32. Millipede (Diplopoda) Centipede (Chilopoda) Garden centipede (Symphyla)

33. Classes of Crustacea (mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial) (all have two pair of antennae, five or more pairs of legs, segmented abdominal appendages, head & trunk or cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement, have gills) • Isopoda - sowbugs or pillbugs • Amphipoda - sand fleas, amphipods • Cirripedia - barnicles • Decapoda - crabs, lobster, shrimp • several other minor orders

34. Crayfish External Morphology

35. Sowbugs (Isopoda), terrestrial crustaceans

36. Class Hexapoda (the insects) • Three body regions – head, thorax, abdomen • Thorax with three pairs of legs; normally two pairs of wings in adult stage • Head with one pair of antennae • Respiration by trachea • Terrestrial & fresh water inhabitants

37. Lubber Grasshopper

38. Lubber Grasshopper Head antenna compound eye ocelli frons mandible clypeus maxilla labium labrum

39. Lubber Grasshopper Thorax pronotum mesopleuron spiracle metapleuron coxa femur tibia trochanter tarsus

40. Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen abdominal tergites cercus spiracles abdominal sternites

42. Insect Respiratory System Cana lily skipper (a butterfly) larvae have an almost completely transparent exoskeleton, thereby allowing a good view of the tracheal system.

43. Incomplete Metamorphosis Example (hairy chinch bug) egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th normal wing short wing instar instar instar instar instar adult adult Egg Nymphal Adult Stage Stage Stage

44. Egg Larval Pupal Adult Stage Stage Stage Stage Complete Metamorphosis Example (northern masked chafer) egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar instar instar

45. Hexapod Orders Entognathous Hexapods – Order Protura Order Collembola Order Diplura Ectognathous apterygote Hexapods – Order Microcoryphia Order Thysanura Pterygote Hexapods – (simple metamorphosis) Order Ephemeroptera Order Odonata Order Orthoptera Order Phasmatodea Order Dermaptera Order Plecoptera Order Isoptera (simple metamorphosis cont’d) Order Mantodea Order Blattodea Order Hemiptera Order Thysanoptera Order Psocoptera Order Phthiraptera (complete metamorphosis) Order Coleoptera Order Neuroptera Order Hymenoptera Order Trichoptera Order Lepidoptera Order Siphonaptera Order Diptera

46. Orders of Insects (no metamorphosis) • Some consider these groups insect-like and place in different class or subclass. • Adults do not have wings and may molt after becoming mature • Collembola - springtails • Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats

47. Order Collembola (glue wedge)springtails • Wingless (primitively) • Chewing mouthparts • Gradual (no) metamorphosis • Adults continue to molt • Feed on plants, bacteria, & fungi • Important as decomposers

48. collophore furcula

50. Order Thysanura (bristle tail)silverfish & firebrats • Look like they have 3 tails – • 2 cerci • 1 median filament • Wingless (primitively) • Most are covered with scales • Chewing mouthparts • Gradual (no) metamorphosis • Feed on organic matter, starchy materials