Routing Protocol and Concepts

1. Routing Protocol and Concepts

2. General Role of the Router • Functions of a Router • Best Path Selections • Forwarding packets to destination

3. Routing Protocol and Concepts • Data is sent in form of packets between 2 end devices • Routers are used to direct packet to its destination

4. Routing Protocol and Concepts • Routers examine a packet’s destination IP address and determine the best path by enlisting the aid of a routing table

5. Routing Protocol and Concepts • ส่วนประกอบของ router และ ฟังก์ชั่นการทำงาน • CPU • Random access memory (RAM) • Read-only memory (ROM) • Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) • Flash memory • Interfaces • -Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces • -Serial interfaces • -Management interfaces

6. Routing Protocol and Concepts • Router components

7. Routing Protocol and Concepts • กระบวนการทำงานของ router • Test router hardware • Power-On Self Test (POST) • Execute bootstrap loader • Locate & load Cisco IOS software • -Locate IOS • -Load IOS • Locate & load startup configuration file or enter setup mode • -Bootstrap program looks for configuration file

8. Routing Protocol and Concepts • การตรวจสอบข้อมูลของตัว router • -The show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process. Information includes: • Platform model number • Image name & IOS version • Bootstrap version stored in ROM • Image file name & where it was loaded from • Number & type of interfaces • Amount of NVRAM • Amount of flash • Configuration register

9. Routing Protocol and Concepts

10. Routing Protocol and Concepts • Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a router to send or receive packets • Each interface connects to a separate network • Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router • Types of router interfaces: • -Ethernet • -Fastethernet • -Serial • -DSL • -ISDN • -Cable

11. Interfaces • Configuring an Ethernet interface • -By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down • -To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command

12. Interfaces • Configuring a Serial interface • -Enter interface configuration mode • -Enter in the ip address and subnet mask • -Enter in the no shutdown command • Example: • -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 • -R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 • -R1(config-if)#no shutdown

13. Physically connecting a WAN Interface • Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) – This is the service provider. • CSU/DSU is a DCE device. • Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) – Typically the router is the DTE device.

14. Interfaces • Configuring serial links in a lab environment • One side of a serial connection must be considered a DCE • This requires placing a clocking signal – use the clock rate command. • Example: • -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 • -R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000 • Serial Interfaces require a clock signal to control the timing of the communications.

15. configure an Ethernet interface • To configure an Ethernet interface • Example: • -R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 • -R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 • -R2(config-if)#no shutdown

16. Directly connected route • When a router only has its interfaces configured&no other routing protocols are configured then: • -The routing table contains only the directly connected networks • -Only devices on the directly connected networks are reachable

17. Routing Table and CDP Protocol • Purpose of CDP • A layer 2 cisco proprietary tool used to gather information about other directly connected Cisco devices. • Disabling CDP • To disable CDP globally use the following command • Router(config)#no cdp run

18. Routing Protocol and Concepts • Static Routing : หมายถึงตาราง Routing Table ของ Router แต่ละตัวจะไม่เปลี่ยน ปกติตารางนี้จะถูกกำหนดจาก Network Administrationคือตารางนี้จะได้จากการทำ Configuration ของ Router • Dynamic Routing : หมายถึงตาราง Routing Table สามารถเปลี่ยนได้ ตามสภาวะความคับคั่งของ Network ขณะนั้นหรือจากปัจจัยอื่นๆ โดยมันจะมีการ Update ตลอดเวลา

19. Static Routing

20. General Role of the Router • Functions of a Router • Best Path Selections • Forwarding packets to destination

21. Static Routes • Purpose of a static route

22. Static Routes • IP routecommand

23. Next-Hop Options The next hop can be identified by an IP address, exit interface, or both. • Next-hop - Only the next-hop IP address is specified. • Directly connected - Only the router exit interface is specified. • Fully specified - The next-hop IP address and exit interface are specified.

24. Static Routes • Demo…

25. Zinin’s 3 routing principles • Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has in its own routing table. " • Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does not mean that other routers have the same information. " • Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return path."

26. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces • Modifying Static routes • Existing static routescannot be modified. The old static route must be deleted by placing noin front of the ip route • Example: -no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 • A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration

27. Verify a Static Route Along with ping and traceroute, useful commands to verify static routes include: • show ip route • show ip route static • show ip route network

28. Default Static Route

29. Configure a Default Static Route

30. Floating Static Route • Floating static routes are static routes that are used to provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route, in the event of a link failure. • The floating static route is only used when the primary route is not available. • To accomplishthis, the floating static route is configured with a higher administrative distance than the primaryroute.

31. Configure a Floating Static Route

32. Summary • Summarizing routesreduces the size of the routing table. • Route summarization is the process of combining a number of static routes into a single static route.

33. Summary Static Route

34. Summary Static Route Example

35. CIDR and Route Summarization

36. The ipv6 route Command Most of parameters are identical to the IPv4 version of the command. IPv6 static routes can also be implemented as: • Standard IPv6 static route • Default IPv6 static route • Summary IPv6 static route • Floating IPv6 static route

37. Configure an IPv6 Summary Address

38. Troubleshoot a Missing Route Common IOS troubleshooting commands include: • ping • traceroute • show ip route • show ip interface brief • show cdp neighbors detail

39. Summary • ข้อดีของ Static Routing คือง่าย และไม่ต้องใช้ Routing Software(Router จะทำงานน้อยลง) นอกจากนี้จะไม่ใช้ Resource ของ Network เพราะ Router ไม่ต้องแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลกัน • ข้อเสียคือ ตารางเปลี่ยนไม่ได้ ถ้ามี Link Down หรือ Router Down เส้นทางนั้นจะใช้ไม่ได้ ทำให้การส่งข้อมูลที่กำหนดเส้นทางนั้นหยุดชะงักหรือใช้กำหนดสำหรับ Host ที่เชื่อมต่อกับ Network ที่มีทางออกผ่าน Router ตัวเดียว(คือค่า Gateway) • การใช้ Static Route ควรมีการกำหนด Default Route เสมอ • การทำ Static Route ต้องตรวจสอบให้ดีว่าจะไม่มี Route Loop