The Sonnet (from sonetto , meaning “little sound or song”)

1. Petrarchan (Italian) And Shakespearian (English) The Sonnet(from sonetto, meaning “little sound or song”)

2. Who was Petrarch? • 14th century Italian poet Francisco Petrarca • Head over heals in love with an idealized woman named Laura De Noves, whom he had never actually had a conversation • Wrote 366 sonnets to her • Key idea: the lover’s love for a beautiful, yet unattainable woman is not returned and he (the lover) suffers as if from a bad flu (freezes and burns) • Frequent metaphor: love in terms of religion

3. Petrarchan Sonnet Form • 14 lines • Lines are divided into two stanzas • The first stanza is an octave (eight lines) in which a problem, observation, question, or some other answerable charge is presented • The second stanza is a sestet (six lines) in which there is a turn, or volta, that marks a shift in the direction of the foregoing argument or narrative, turning the sestet into the vehicle for the counterargument, clarification, or whatever answer the octave demands • Rhyme Scheme: abbaabbacdecde or cdcdcd

4. GliOcchi Di Ch' Io Parlaiby Petrarch Those eyes, 'neath which my passionate rapture rose, The arms, hands, feet, the beauty that erewhile Could my own soul from its own self beguile, And in a separate world of dreams enclose, The hair's bright tresses, full of golden glows, And the soft lightning of the angelic smile That changed this earth to some celestial isle, Are now but dust, poor dust, that nothing knows. And yet I live! Myself I grieve and scorn, Left dark without the light I loved in vain, Adrift in tempest on a bark forlorn; Dead is the source of all my amorous strain, Dry is the channel of my thoughts outworn, And my sad harp can sound but notes of pain.

5. Shakespearian Sonnet Form • Generally thought to be the easier of the two to write. • 14 lines, 10 syllables per line (iambic pentameter) • Lines divided in to four stanzas • The first three stanzas are four lines each • The final stanza is a rhyming couplet, often called a heroic couplet • The couplet plays a pivotal role, usually arriving in the form of a conclusion, amplification, or even refutation of the previous three stanzas, often creating an epiphanic quality to the end • Rhyme scheme: ababcdcdefefgg

6. Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare • My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delightThan in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress when she walks treads on the ground. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rareAs any she belied with false compare.

7. Sonnet Vocabulary • Stanza - a set of lines, quatrain, sestet, octave, couplet • Iamb – a two syllable measure, unstressed followed by stressed • Pentameter – a line consisting of five measures • Volta – a turn or change in theme or tone • Heroic couplet – a rhyming couplet • Conceit - an extended metaphoric comparison that establishes parallels between two seemingly dissimilar things or situations. Petrarch established the practice of including conceits in sonnets by using elaborate comparisons to praise his lady's beauty and portray his own suffering