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Pharmaceutical products

Pharmaceutical products. The effect on the human body The stages involved in development of new pharmaceutical products Different methods of administering drugs Therapeutical window , tolerance and side-effects. The effect on the human body.

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Pharmaceutical products

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  1. Pharmaceuticalproducts • The effect on the human body • The stagesinvolved in developmentof new pharmaceuticalproducts • Different methodsofadministeringdrugs • Therapeuticalwindow, tolerance and side-effects

  2. The effect on the human body A drug or o medicine is anychemical (natural or synthethic) thatdoesone or moreof the following: • Alters the physiologicalstate (consciousness, activity, coordination)- analgesics, stimulants, antibacterals, antivirals • Altersincomingsensory sensations- antacids • Altersmood or emotions- depressants

  3. The placebo effect • The body has a natural healing ability • Belief is powerful medicine, even if the treatment itself is a sham. New research shows placebos can also benefit patients who do not have faith in them

  4. The drugdevelpoment process

  5. In animal test the amountrequiredto kill halfof the animal population, the LethalDose for 50 %, LD50 • The effectivedoserequiredtobringabout a noticeableeffect in halfof the animal population, the EffectivDose for 50 %, ED50

  6. Therapeutic index (or therapeuticwindow) • Relates the therapeuticeffectto the toxiceffect: Therapeutic index = LD50 /ED50 • If the therapeutic index is 10 a tenfoldincrease in the dosecorrespondingto ED50wouldresult in a 50% death rate

  7. Sideeffects • Unwantedeffects from the drug • Depends on physicalcondition • For example; peoplewhohavehad a heart-attack may be advisedtotake aspirin. Aspirin is usedagainstheadaches, buthave anti-clottingbloodproperties as a sideeffect

  8. Risk to benefit ratio- if a drug has effectivemeanstocure a life-threateningdeseasesideeffectsaremore acceptable Tolerance- occurs as the bodyadaptsto the actions of the drug. Higher and higher amountsareneeded. A dependancemay be risked.

  9. Addiction risk and physical harm

  10. Methodsofadministering • Mouth, oral • Inhalation • Rectal,through the anus • Injection, paranteral

  11. Methodsofadministering, cont. • Injectiondirectlyintovein- intravenous. Example nutrition and water. • Injectioninto a muscle- intramuscular. Examplevaccines. • Injection under the skin- subcutaneous. Example insulin. • Topically- on the skin. Creams, ointments, spray, drops or plasters.

  12. Problems • HaveyouheardaboutThalidomide or Neurosedyne? • What du youthinkof animal test? Whenshouldthey be allowed?

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