מהפכ ות מדעיות (במסגרת "כלים שלובים")

1. מהפכות מדעיות(במסגרת"כלים שלובים")

2. http://www.tau.ac.il/~corry • Teaching   המהפכה המדעית סילאבוסמבחןהורדת קבצים

3. מהפכות מדעיות מה נלמד בקורס? • מה זה "מהפכה מדעית" (והאם היו בכלל כאלה)? • איך היסטוריונים חושבים, בכלל, ואיך הם יכולים לחקור את התפתחות המדע (אם בכלל)? • מה ההיסטוריה של המדע יכולה ללמד אותנו (אם בכלל) על הדרך שבה מדענים חושבים ועל הדרך שבה המדע מתפתח?

4. מהפכות מדעיות מה נלמד בקורס? • מהו הדבר הזה שאנו קוראים לו "המפכה המדעית של המאה ה-17" (והאם היה דבר כזה)? • איך התרחש המעבר מראיית עולם "גיאו-צנטריות" לראייה "הליו-צנטריות"? (זה באמת קרה) • איך התרחש המעבר מראיית העולם האריסטוטלית לראייה הניוטונית (גם זה באמת קרה)

5. מהפכות מדעיות כמה מושגי יסוד • העולם העתיק • ימי הביניים • הרנסאנס • התקופה המודרנית המוקדמת • המהפיכה המדעית

6. מהפכות מדעיות ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי המשתתפים • Peuerbach, New Theory of thePlanets(1450) • Brahe, Introduction to the New Astronomy  (1602) • Kepler, The New Astronomy (1609) • Bacon, New Organon (1620) • Galileo, Discourse on Two New Sciences (1638)

7. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים • Pierre Duhem, The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (1914) • George Sarton,Introduction to the History of Science, (1927-48.) • AlexandreKoyré, ÉtudesGaliléennes (1939),

8. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים • Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science (1948) Since that [scientific] revolution overturned the authority in science not only of the middle ages but of the ancient world—since it ended not only in the eclipse of scholastic philosophy but in the destruction of Aristotelian physics—it outshines everything since the rise of Christianity and reduces the Renaissance and Reformation to the rank of mere episodes, mere internal displacements, within the system of medieval Christendom. … it looms so large as the real origin both of the modern world and of the modern mentality that our customary periodisation of European history has become an anachronism and an encumbrance.

9. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים • Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (1996) There was no such thing as the Scientific Revolution, and this is a book about it.

10. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים • Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) • Normal Science • Anomalies • Paradigms • Revolutionary Science • Incommensurability • Scientific Community

11. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים • Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Big-Picture History vs. “anthropological immersion in local sites of knowledge-making”

12. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים Internalists vs. Externalists "המדען הדגול" ותפקידו בהיסטוריה: מי מוביל את מי? מדע מדייבלי – מדע רנסאנסי – מדע בארוקי

13. Alexandre Koyré, Galileo Studies(1945) James B. Stump, “History of Science through Koyre´’s Lenses” (2001) Just as Galileo dealt with his objects of inquiry—bodies in motion—in the abstract, free from the influences of friction or air resistance, so too Koyre´’s is a purely intellectual account of the development of science abstracted from the messy details of economic systems, power structures, and the contributions of artisans. His is an account of the way that science would go in idealized situations, and this can be arrived at in the same way that Galileo demonstrated his theories: through conceptual analysis. Using this method Galileo and Koyre´ work through the conceptual puzzles step by step so as to reveal the inner structure of those concepts and therefore lead the reader to the knowledge of a conclusion by deducing it. Recall that knowledge, for the Platonist, is only of necessary things, of things which cannot be otherwise. For Koyre´, then, to recount the history of science through demonstration and conceptual analysis is to show that the concepts unfold according to their own inner logic, just as the laws of physics govern the path of a projectile— though in both cases the actual facts may deviate from their idealized descriptions.

14. Bertolt Brecht, Life of Galileo (1939) The plot of the play concerns the latter period of the life of Galileo Galilei, who was persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church for the promulgation of his scientific discoveries. The play embraces such themes as the conflict between dogmatism and scientific evidence, as well as interrogating the values of constancy in the face of oppression.

15. RivkaFeldhay, Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition or Critical Dialogue? (1995) Feldhay offers a new interpretation of the debate between Galileo and the Church, viewing it as a "dialogue" rather than a "conflict." The known contradictions between the documents of Galileo's "trials" are reread as expressions of the contradictory nature of the Counter Reformation Church. Torn between different cultural orientations (Dominican and Jesuit), the Church was unable to crystallize a coherent attitude towards Galileo's science.

16. Mario Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (1993) Instead of the traditional view of Galileo as the "new scientist" championing the Copernican cause against the Aristotelians, Biagioli presents Galileo as the courtly gentleman whose patronage goals drove his scientific work. Biagioli begins by describing how client-patron relationships worked in early 17th-century Italy, how Galileo used those social structures to advance himself from artisan to university professor to Cosimo de Medici's Court Philosopher and how his actions helped raise mathematics and natural science to a respected position.

17. John Heilbron, Galileo (2012) Heilbron shows us that Galileo was far more than a mathematician: he was deeply knowledgeable in the arts, an expert on the epic poet Ariosto, a fine lutenist. More important, Heilbron notes that years of reading the poets and experimenting with literary forms were not mere sidebars--they enabled Galileo to write clearly and plausibly about the most implausible things. Indeed, Galileo changed the world not simply because he revolutionized astronomy, but because he conveyed his discoveries so clearly and crisply that they could not be avoided or denied. If ever a discoverer was perfectly prepared to make and exploit his discovery, it was the dexterous humanist Galileo aiming his first telescope at the sky.

18. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים Internalists vs. Externalists ‘Hagiographic’, ‘Triumphalist’, Whig Continuist

20. Part I. The New Nature: 1. Physics and foundations 2. Scientific explanation 3. The meanings of experience 4. Proof and persuasion

21. Part II. Personae and Sites of Natural Knowledge: 1. The man of science 2. Women of natural knowledge 3. Markets, piazzas, and villages 4. Homes and households 5. Libraries and lecture halls 6. Courts and academies 7. Anatomy theaters, botanical gardens, and natural history collections 8. Laboratories 9. Sites of military science and technology 10. Coffeehouses and print shops 11. Networks of travel, correspondence, and exchange

22. Part III. Dividing the Study of Nature: 1. Natural philosophy 2. Medicine 3. Natural history 4. Cosmography 5. From alchemy to 'chemistry' 6. Magic 7. Astrology 8. Astronomy 9. Acoustics and optics 10. Mechanics 11. The mechanical arts 12. Pure mathematics

23. Part IV. Cultural Meanings of Natural Knowledge: 1. Religion 2. Literature 3. Art 4. Gender 5. European expansion and self-definition

24. Part V. Non-Western Traditions: 27. Islam 28. India 29. China 30. Japan 31. Latin America: from Baroque to Modern Colonial science

25. מהפכות מדעיות רקע היסטורי רחב מסעות הגילוירנסאנס (הומניזם)רפורמציה וקונטרה-רפורמציה

26. מהפכות מדעיות • ה"מהפיכה" בעיניי ההיסטוריונים • Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (1996) There was no such thing as the Scientific Revolution, and this is a book course about it.

27. המהפיכה המדעיתשל המאה ה-17 מקופרניקוס ועד ניוטון 1543 - 1700