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Pertemuan 4 Membangun Teknologi Informasi

Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun : 2005 Versi : 1/0. Pertemuan 4 Membangun Teknologi Informasi. Learning Outcomes. Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu :

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Pertemuan 4 Membangun Teknologi Informasi

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  1. Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun : 2005 Versi : 1/0 Pertemuan 4Membangun Teknologi Informasi

  2. Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : • Menjelaskan metodologi pengembangan teknologi informasi, metodologi pembelian sistem aplikasi serta penerapan end user computing

  3. Outline Materi • Mengembangkan Sistem Aplikasi • Membeli Sistem Aplikasi • Memfasilitasi User menggunakan komputer untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi

  4. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) • DEFINITION PHASE: • Feasibility analysis • Requirement definition • CONSTRUCTION PHASE: • System design • System building • System testing • IMPLEMENTATION PHASE: • Installation • Operations • Maintenance *

  5. PROTOTYPING LIFE CYCLE 1. IDENTIFY REQUIREMENTS 2. DEVELOP INITIAL PROTOTYPE 3. USE PROTOTYPE, NOTE CHANGES 4. REVISE, ENHANCE PROTOTYPE: Return to Step 3 as needed 5. EVALUATE OPERATIONAL SYSTEM 6. MAKE CHANGES OR ABANDON 7. INSTALL, OPERATE, MAINTAIN *

  6. JOINT APPLICATION DESIGN (JAD) • TECHNIQUE INVOLVING TEAM OF USERS, IS SPECIALISTS • INTENSE, STRUCTURED PROCESS • DEVELOP REQUIREMENTS OR REVIEW DESIGN PROPOSAL • CAN LAST HOURS, DAYS, OFTEN AT LOCATION REMOVED FROM WORKPLACE *

  7. COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE) COLLECTION OF SOFTWARE TOOLS TO AUTOMATE SDLC PROCESSES: • DIAGRAMMING TOOLS • COMPUTER DISPLAY, REPORT GENERATORS • ANALYSIS TOOLS • CENTRAL REPOSITORY • DOCUMENTATION GENERATORS • CODE GENERATORS *

  8. RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD) • HYBRID OF SDLC, PROTOTYPING, JAD, CASE • PRODUCE SYSTEM IN 6 MONTHS OR LESS • STEPS: • PLANNING • USER DESIGN • CONSTRUCTION • IMPLEMENTATION (CUTOVER) *

  9. OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODS (O-O) • HOLD GREAT PROMISE TO PRODUCE BETTER SYSTEMS AT LESS COST • OBJECTS HIGHLY COHESIVE, LOOSELY COUPLED, REUSABLE • CAN REDUCE ERRORS, IMPROVE MAINTENANCE *

  10. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES • SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) • PROTOTYPING • PURCHASED SOFTWARE • OUTSOURCING (SYSTEMS INTEGRATOR) • END USER DEVELOPMENT *

  11. MAKE-OR -BUY DECISION • ASSESS RISKS & BENEFITS • MAKE: Use SDLC , prototyping, RAD if organization has IS skills. Can save cost, speed implementation • BUY: If vendor offers acceptable product and required support at lower cost, faster time than in-house development could provide. Usually system must be modified to meet organization’s needs *

  12. THE PURCHASING PROCESS • DEFINITION PHASE • CONSTRUCTION PHASE • IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

  13. REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) • DOCUMENT SENT TO POTENTIAL VENDORS INVITING THEM TO SUBMIT A PROPOSAL TO FURNISH A SYSTEM • PROVIDES DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE DESIRED SYSTEM, ITS ENVIRONMENT, MATERIAL REQUIRED FROM VENDOR, AND GENERAL CRITERIA USED TO EVALUATE PROPOSALS *

  14. SAMPLE CONTENTS OF RFP • INTRODUCTION • GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSE • REQUIREMENTS • COSTS • SIGNATURE PAGE

  15. PACKAGE CAPABILITIES COMPANY NEEDS IDENTIFY DISCREPANCIES CHOOSE ALTERNATIVES MODIFY PACKAGE LIVE WITH PROBLEMS CHANGE COMPANY MATCHING COMPANY NEEDS WITH PACKAGE CAPABILITIES

  16. ROLES FOR PURCHASING PACKAGED APPLICATIONS • PROJECT MANAGER:Manages process, responsible for the success of the project, may be user butISexpertise required • VENDOR:Must be responsive to customer’s needs • PURCHASING SPECIALIST:Helps prepareRFP, assist in entire process • ATTORNEYS:Oversee writing, approval of contract *

  17. END-USER COMPUTING • HANDS-ON USE OF COMPUTERS BY EMPLOYEES • ENTER DATA • MAKE INQUIRIES • PREPARE REPORTS • PERFORM STATISTICAL ANALYSIS • ANALYZE PROBLEMS • DEVELOP WEB PAGES *

  18. PRIMARY DRIVERS • AVAILABILITY OF LOW-COST MICROCOMPUTERS: • HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES • COMPUTER LITERACY AMONG COLLEGE GRADUATES, PROFESSIONALS • INCREASED USER FRUSTRATIONS ABOUT NEW PROJECT BACKLOGS *

  19. USER APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT • USE OF COMPUTER TOOLS • DEVELOP BUSINESS APPLICATIONS • USERS ARE NOT IS SPECIALISTS • INVOLVES APPLICATION, TOOL & DEVELOPER

  20. DEVELOPED FOR OTHER USERS DEVELOPED FOR SELF USER ONLY SMALL, SIMPLE LARGE, COMPLEX GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. SDLC OR PROTOTYPING, DISCIPLINED APPROACH TO DEFINITION & IMPLEMENTATION 2. SDLC, CLEAR “HANDS-OFF” BETWEEN PHASES 3. “COLLAPSED” LIFE CYCLE 4. DISCIPLINED, ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

  21. ORGANIZATION LEVEL CONTEXT: ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL FACTORS DEPARTMENTAL LEVEL FACTORS STATUS OF IS/USER PARTNERSHIP STRATEGY SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS TECHNOLOGY INDIVIDUAL LEVEL USER DEVELOPER DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TASK TOOL LEVERAGING END-USER COMPUTING *Based on Branceau & Brown, 1993

  22. ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL • STRATEGY: Strategic objectives and approach to end-user computing • TECHNOLOGY: Range & accessibility of end-user tools • SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS: Support services, control policies & procedures *

  23. Membangun Teknologi Informasi • Mengembangkan Sistem Aplikasi • Membeli Sistem Aplikasi • Memfasilitasi User menggunakan komputer untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi

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