The Civil War

1. The Civil War 1861-1865

2. Slavery Issue in New States • Missouri Compromise maintains balance of free and slave states in the Union • Compromise of 1850 • Violence in Kansas & Dred Scott Decision inflamed tensions

3. Fugitive Slave Act • Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/01/to-my-old-master.html

4. John Brown

5. The Election of 1860 • Lincoln carried the North and carried the election • The Southern votes did not affect the outcome at all • Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot in 10 Southern states

6. A campaign banner for the Republican ticket.

9. To the South, Lincoln’s election meant that they no longer had a voice in national government. Secession!

10. What issues divided the nation when the war began? • Southerners believed they had a right to leave the Union. They wanted to keep their way of life, especially the institution of slavery. • Northerners believed they had to save the Union.

11. In August, 1862 Lincoln wrote a letter to Horace Greeley, an editor of the New York Tribune, who published an open letter insisting President Lincoln free the slaves immediately. In Lincoln's reply he wrote: "If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also so that“ (Voices of America, p.138).

12. 22 million people Produced 90% of nation’s manufactured goods 70% nation’s rails Strong navy and merchant fleet Were advancing into unfamiliar territory 9 million people (more than 1/3 were slaves) Believed they were fighting a war of independence Knew the countryside Few factories Few railroads More emphasis on states’ rights, therefore, not as united as the North North South

13. War Leaders Abraham Lincoln – President of the Union Jefferson Davis – President of the South RobertE. Lee – General of the Confederate army

15. In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." Lincoln's 1861 Inaugural Address

16. Did you know? • Jefferson Davis had been inaugurated as the President of the Confederacy two weeks earlier. • Lincoln would be the nation’s 16th president Lincoln in 1860.

17. The crowd gathered before the east portico of the unfinished Capitol to glimpse Lincoln's inaugural ceremonies

18. “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so.” --Lincoln, Inaugural Address March 4, 1861

20. On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Garrison commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 p.m., April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the garrison on the following day. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely when firing a salute during the evacuation.

21. Bombardment of Ft. Sumter • Confederate troops in South Carolina shelled the fort held by federal troops • Union ran out of ammunition and surrendered the fort • No one was killed in the fight

22. Telegram was sent by Major Robert Anderson at 10:30am, April 18, 1861, announcing the surrender of Fort Sumter to confederate General Beauregard.

24. Border States • Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri • Slaveholding states that remained in the Union • Maryland – put under martial law

25. The Battle of Bull RunJuly 21, 1861 • Union troops set out for Richmond, VA from Washington, DC., followed by hundreds of people who just wanted to watch “the show” • General Jackson rallies the Confederates behind a stone wall, hence the nickname “Stonewall Jackson.” • Union troops panicked and ran

26. General Stonewall Jackson http://americancivilwar.com/pictures/stonewall_jackson_2.jpeg

27. This battle showed that both Union and Confederate soldiers needed training.

28. It also showed that the war would be long and bloody. Bull Run battlefield

29. General McClellan • Transformed the new Union recruits into well-trained soldiers • Only one problem…he didn’t want to use them. President Lincoln visits General McClellan at his headquarters on October 4, 1862. Visible on the ground at the lower left is a captured Confederate battle flag.

30. Battle of the IroncladsMerrimack v. Monitor In an attempt to reduce the North's great naval advantage, Confederate engineers converted a scuttled Union frigate, the U.S.S. Merrimack, into an iron-sided vessel rechristened the C.S.S. Virginia. On March 9, 1862 in the first naval engagement between ironclad ships, the Monitor fought the Virginia to a draw, but not before the Virginia had sunk two wooden Union warships off Norfolk, Virginia.

33. Officers on the Monitor. Notice the dents from cannon shells

34. The Union eventually built more than 50 ironclads • The South would never again be able to mount a serious attack against the Union navy. • The Union blockade held for the rest of the war.

35. AntietamSeptember 1862 • General Lee takes the offensive, marches north into Maryland • McClellan was slow to act • In the day-long battle, more than 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded. • Neither side could claim victory.

37. Antietam battlefield

38. Dead soldiers along the Hagerstown Turnpike

40. This battle holds the Civil War record for the most people killed in one day of fighting.

41. General Ambrose Burnside • Appointed by Lincoln to replace McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac.

42. Battle of FredericksburgDecember 1862 • One of the Union’s worst defeats • Confederate guns mowed down wave after wave of charging Union troops.

43. The War in the West • 1961 – Kansas becomes a free state • Dakota, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, Montana territories added to secure the West for the Union • Each territory headed by pro-Union officials • Gold from California helped finance the north • 90 engagements in the West

44. ChancellorsvilleMay 1863 • Took place on thickly wooded ground in Chancellorsville, VA. • Lee and Jackson defeated Union troops in three days. • Jackson was shot at by his own soldiers, who thought he was a Union soldier. He died days later.

46. Civil War letter written by Union officer John T. Norton (Lieutenant, 97th Regiment New York State Volunteers, Company G) to his father, Morgan Norton of Norway, Herkimer County, New York. The letter is dated May 23rd, 1863. Norton discusses the Battle of Chancellorsville and mentions the death of Stonewall Jackson , referring to him as "the bravest of the brave." Camp, 9th Regt. N.Y.S.V.May 23d, 1863 Dear Father: On the 2d day of May the enemy opened upon us again with shell but did not much injury. All this below Fredericksburg. … On this day the 3d Sunday, the hottest of the fighting took place from 5 1/2 a.m. to 10 1/2 o'clock a.m. It was one continual roar of musketry and artillery which exceeded anything I ever heard. There were 4 cannon shots fired in a second. A brigade of rebels charged our position and about 50 men returned to tell the tale. This was a little on the left of our Corps. In the afternoon our Regiment went on picket. Next morning a rebel had the audacity to fire at me while eating breakfast.…. If the rebels call it a victory, it was a dear one to them for at the last calculation they lost two to one, and it would not take many such victories to end the rebellion. Besides losing one of their best Generals who is a host in himself, namely Jackson, the bravest of the brave. Hoping this will find you all in good health. Your affectionate son, Lieut. John T. Norton

47. Union Success in the West • General Ulysses S. Grant began moving to take control of the Mississippi. • Was surprised by Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh • Grant showed toughness, and the Union won.

48. The hornets nest, where the Union troops held off the Confederates for 6 hours.

49. Ulysses S. Grant

50. Emancipation Proclamation • Freed slaves in the Confederate states • Formally announced on January 1, 1863 • Changed the purpose of the war • Won the sympathy of Europeans, especially workers, making it less likely that the South would get aid from Britain