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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization. History. The Native American Church The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Hallucinogens

  2. Hallucinogens are substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization.

  3. History • The Native American Church • The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 • Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery • The Psychedelic Experience

  4. Sensory and Psychological Effects • Altered senses • synesthesia • Loss of control • flashbacks • Self-reflection • “make conscious the unconscious” • Loss of identity and cosmic merging • “mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug experience”

  5. LSD • Physical properties of LSD • In pure form - colorless, odorless, tasteless • Street names - acid, blotter acid, microdot, white lightning • Physiological effects • Massive increase in neural activity • Activates sympathetic nervous system (rise in body temp., heart rate, and blood pressure) • Parasympathetic nervous system (increase in salivation and nausea)

  6. LSD • About half of the substance is cleared from the body within 3 hours, and more than 90% is excreted within 24 hours • Effects of this hallucinogen can last 2-12 hours • Tolerance to the effects of LSD develops very quickly

  7. Other LSD-Type Agents • Mescaline (Peyote) • Mescaline is the most active drug in peyote; it induces intensified perception of colors and euphoria • Effects include dilation of the pupils, increase in body temperature, anxiety, visual hallucinations, and alteration of body image, vomiting, muscular relaxation, and in very high doses may cause death • Street samples are rarely authentic

  8. Psilocybin - its principal source is the Psilocybe mexicana mushroom • It is not very common on the street • Hallucinogenic effects produced are quite similar to LSD • Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD, mescaline • Stimulates the autonomic nervous system, dilates the pupils, increases the body temperature

  9. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) • A short-acting hallucinogen • Found in seeds of certain leguminous trees and prepared synthetically • It is inhaled and similar action as psilocybin • Nutmeg • Myristica oil responsible for physical effects • High doses can be quite intoxicating • Can also cause unpleasant trips

  10. The phenylethylamine drugs are chemically related to amphetamines • They have varying degrees of hallucinogenic and CNS stimulant effects • Phenylethylamines that predominantly: • Release serotonin are dominated by their hallucinogenic action • Release dopamine are dominated by their stimulant effects

  11. Dimthoxymethylamphetamine (DOM or STP) • “Designer” amphetamines • 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)

  12. PCP • Phencyclidine (PCP) • Developed as an intravenous anesthetic, but found to have serious adverse side effects • Differs from the other traditional hallucinogens • It is a general anesthetic in high doses • It causes incredible strength and extreme violent behavior • Management of the severe psychological reactions requires drug therapy

  13. PCP • Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological effects • Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation, depression, anesthesia, analgesia • Large doses can cause coma, convulsions, and death • PCP psychological effects • Feelings of strength, power, invulnerability, perceptual distortions, paranoia, violence, psychoses

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