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Argumentation- based negotiation

Presented by Jean-Paul C albimonte. Argumentation- based negotiation. Rahwan , Ramchurn , Jennings , McBurney, Parsons and Sonenberg , 2004. Negotiation ?. Approaches Game- theoretic analysis Heuristic - based Argumentation- based. Scarce resources : time m oney s ervices,

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Argumentation- based negotiation

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  1. Presented by Jean-PaulCalbimonte Argumentation-basednegotiation Rahwan, Ramchurn, Jennings, McBurney, Parsons and Sonenberg, 2004

  2. Negotiation? Approaches • Game-theoreticanalysis • Heuristic-based • Argumentation-based Scarceresources: time money services, anything Mutually acceptable agreement interactions Automate!

  3. Classicalnegotiation • Agents exchange proposals • Limitations • Computationalconstraints (analyticalgame-theoretic) • Sub-optimal approximateoutcomes (heuristic-based) • Require extensive empiricalevaluation (heuristic) • No additional info exchanged • Agents preferencesneed to befullycharacterized • Lack information to evaluate/compare proposals • Fixed agents preferences proposals

  4. Argumentation-basednegotiation • Exchange additional information • Argument: piece of information • Reasons for refusal • Justification of a proposal • Change object of negotiation • Promise rewards • Emit threats • Components • Externalelements • Ownelements

  5. Non-ABN Elements Locution Interpretation ProposalDatabase Proposal content Incoming Locutions query Opponent/ Environment Model & Mental Attitudes Proposal Evaluation Generation query / update Locution Generation propose / accept / reject Outgoing Locutions

  6. ABN elements Locution Interpretation ProposalDatabase Proposal content Incoming Locutions Argument content query Opponent/ Environment Model & Mental Attitudes Argument Interpretation Proposal Evaluation Generation query / update propose / accept / reject Argument Generation Argument Selection Locution Generation Outgoing Locutions

  7. Externalelements • Communication language • Interaction between agents • Locutions, utterances • Domain language • Concepts & meta information about the world • Negotiationprotocol • Conventions, rules of dialogue: whoisallowed to saywhat? • Information stores • Keeptrack of utterances, behavior • Internal, externalrepositories accept reject propose reject(b,a,Price=$200 and Item=palmI30)

  8. Communication & domainlanguage • Richlanguages, clearsemantics request(j,i, Do(i,α),Do(i,α)Do(j,β)) • Express preferences • Express plans, intentions • Standardizeddomainlanguages • Heterogeneousenvironments • Semantic & Syntacticinteroperability Do(i,α) Do(i,α)Do(j,β) j i

  9. Negotiationprotocol • Interaction, dialogue rules • Finite state machines • Dialogue games • Enforcefairness, ruleconsistency • Termination, avoidinfinite interactions • Enusreguaranteedsuccess • Endless interactions? • Conformancechecking • Utterance acceptable? • Admission to negotiation

  10. Information stores • Keeptrack of pastutterances • Internal • Centralized • Commitment stores • Promise to initiate, execute, maintain • Defend claims • Commitmentrules • Retractfromcommitments • Allowed • Forced

  11. Elements of ABN agents • Argument and proposalevaluation • Incoming arguments, update mental state • Argument and proposalgeneration • Generate set of candidates • Argument selection • Choosing a candidate

  12. Argument and proposalevaluation • Objective considerations • Argument acceptability, evaluation • Subjective considerations • Considerownpreferences and motivations • Combine objective + subjective • Combine belief arguments and value arguments • Provideunifiedframework for evaluation of goal, belief, plan, etc. • Probabilisticevaluation

  13. Argument and proposalgeneration • Generate candidate arguments • Increase, maximize utilities • Rule-basedgeneration • Characterization of possible arguments • Takeintoaccountotherfactors: • Protocol • Authority • Expectations • Utility • Honesty

  14. Argument selection • Choose candidate argument • ABN strategy • Use strengthorder: • common practice, appeal, self interest, promise,threat • Use factors: trust-utility • I needthis but I don’t trust you • Opponents information, • Probabilisticmodels, uncertainty • Learning techniques • Considerbehavior & mental model behind

  15. Conlcusions • ABN: increasing importance • Enables rational dialogue • Richer models of negotiation • How agents use objective reasoning to reach subjective goals? • Challenges • Communicative rationality • Social influence • Trust • Mediatednegotiation • Complexity

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