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Challenges for New Models in Promotion and Tenure

Challenges for New Models in Promotion and Tenure. Chi Van Dang, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Scientific Publishing and Values in the Academy. Disclaimer: a single perspective Authorship and the dreaded “middle” position Lessons from the world of physics

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Challenges for New Models in Promotion and Tenure

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  1. Challenges for New Models in Promotion and Tenure Chi Van Dang, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

  2. Scientific Publishing and Values in the Academy • Disclaimer: a single perspective • Authorship and the dreaded “middle” position • Lessons from the world of physics • Metrics of impact • Networks and Citation • Shift in culture: career advancement • Challenges

  3. Authorship and the dreaded “middle” position • First and Last (senior) authorship • Paradigm shift: small to large scale biomedical research • Lessons from physics • Opportunities for online publishing: delineation of contributions • A solution

  4. Lessons from the world of physics • Physics: • necessity for collaboration • Multi-institutional, international efforts • Invention of the WWW: • Sir Tim Berners-Lee • Biomedicine: • Rewarding individual creative achievements • The academy acceptance of “high-impact, exclusive” journals • Bayh-Dole Act: protection of IP • Saviour?: Shift from small to large-scale science: genome

  5. Opportunities for online publishing: delineation of contributions • A menu of contributions • Design study; Execute study; Data interpretation; ….etc. • Each author is linked to specific contributions • Websites allow for assessment of contributions • Scoring systems are likely to be artificial and contentious

  6. J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith J Smith A Solution to Authorships

  7. Impact Journals: the Academic Ladder Promotion Promotion Promotion Publications Grants Committee Study Section Academic Honors

  8. Study Sections and Promotion Committees • Study section: • Track record and weight of high-impact work • High-impact: journal types vs citations • More forgiving – reward innovative ideas • Promotions: • Publications given heaviest weight • Testimonials from colleagues • Other factors

  9. Perspective of a Honorary Society (ASCI) Past-President • Selection of inductees • Highest (virtually only) weight • “General” journals vs. “specialty” journals • Theme • Scholarship & Authority • Public impact – difficult to assess for basic research

  10. Plight of a biomedical faculty • Not simply “publish or perish” • Publish in top-tier journals or perish • Cell, JCI, Nature, NEJM, PNAS, Science,… • The Grant-Publication cycle • Visibility and Impact • Promotion

  11. Metrics of impact: popularity • Citation index • Citation and Networks • The “rich gets richer” effect • The GOOGLE effect

  12. Networks and the Small World Effect • Six degrees of separation • How is it possible? • Networks: random versus scale-free • Citations

  13. Connect with probability p p=1/6 N=10 k ~ 1.5 Networks: nodes and links (from Barabasi; http://www.nd.edu/~networks/papers.htm)

  14. Alpha Dog He said, She said Small World: “six degrees of separation” • http://www.cs.virginia.edu/oracle/ • “Timberlake” (Adapted from Barabasi; http://www.nd.edu/~networks/papers.htm)

  15. Poisson distribution Power - law distribution Exponential Network Scale - free Network Natural self-organizing networks are scale-free with nodes and links following a power-law function (from Barabasi; http://www.nd.edu/~networks/papers.htm)

  16. Map of the INTERNET Network By William R. Cheswick

  17. (from Barabasi; http://www.nd.edu/~networks/papers.htm)

  18. Scale-free model P(k) ~k-3 • GROWTH:At every timestep we add a new node with m edges (connected to the nodes already present in the system). • (2)PREFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT :The probability Π that a new node will be connected to node i depends on the connectivity ki of that node A.-L.Barabási, R. Albert, Science 286, 509 (1999); (from Barabasi; http://www.nd.edu/~networks/papers.htm)

  19. 25 2212 SCIENCE CITATION INDEX Nodes: papers Links: citations Witten-Sander PRL 1981 1736 PRL papers (1988) P(k) ~k- ( = 3) (S. Redner, 1998) (from Barabasi; http://www.nd.edu/~networks/papers.htm)

  20. Open Access: Shift in culture & career advancement • PLoS: grassroots by the elite pack • PMC/BMC: the GOOGLE effect and networks? • How to create the GOOGLE effect? • Quality • Visibility • Accessibility • Speed

  21. Challenges • GOOGLE effect: speed, quality • Culture shift: Promotions Committees • Spread the gospel about OA • Participation in OA by “Hub” investigators • Cost: shifting costs • OA journals without speed and have previous biases are unattractive

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