OVERVIEW OF SWM IN INDIA

1. OVERVIEW OF SWM IN INDIA Suneel Pandey and Sourabh Manuja 27th November 2018

2. Present status Municipal solid waste Industrial hazardous waste E waste C&D waste Potential impacts Options for resource recovery Municipal solid waste C&D waste E-waste Content

3. Waste Sector at a glance • Population living in urban areas has increased from about 17.35% in 1951 to about 34% by 2018 - >waste generated. India is expected to have more than 52.8% urban population by 2050. • Urban India generated about 49.35 million tonnes per year of MSW in 2017. Only 82.12% of this waste was collected, and only 23% of collected waste was treated.

4. Waste Sector at a glance • India’s plastic consumption is estimated to be 11kg/c/yr but plastic waste generated is only about 3.10%-12.47% of Municipal Solid Waste i.e. about 25,940 TPD (as of 2017). • The current e waste generation in India is around 2 million TPA and is expected to reach 3 million tonnes per annum by end of 2018.

5. Waste Sector at a glance • The construction and demolition waste has risen to 530 million tonnes in 2016 • GHG emissions from solid waste disposal are expected to rise from 13.75 million tonnes CO2 eq in 2011 to 22.77 Million tonnes CO2 eq in 2031 and 39.71 million tonnes CO2 eq in 2051.

6. Waste PICTURE • Municipal – 49.35 million tonnes/annum • Construction & Demolition – 530 million tonnes/annum • Industrial • Hazardous – 7.90 million tonnes/annum • Non Hazardous – 200 million tonnes/annum • Electronic – 2 million tonnes/annum • Biomedical – 1.5 lakh tonnes/annum • Plastic- 9.4 million tonnes/annum

7. Key issues • Municipal solid waste • Lack of waste segregation at source • In efficient collection – efficiencies range from 50 to 90% in major metros; smaller cities, it is around 50% • Inadequate transportation facilities in more than 70% of the cities • Inadequate disposal – very few sanitary landfills • Landfill gas emission and contamination of water and soil due to leachate • Biomedical waste, slaughter house waste, industrial waste often reaching the MSW dumpsites posing potential hazard to sanitary workers and ragpickers

8. Land requirement • As per the CPCB report 2012-13 • If all the waste is disposed, it will need 3,40,000 m3 of landfill space every day • In the present situation the municipal areas generate 1,33,760 TPD waste, of which only 25,884 TPD is treated and 1,07,876 TPD is disposed on land requiring around 2,12,752 m3 of land fill space • Requirement of land for next 20 years could be as high as 66,000 ha (1240 ha per year)

9. Contamination due to leachate

10. Fire due to LFG

11. Key issues • Construction and demolition debris • No recycling/reuse though potentially almost everything can be recycled • Waste still going to landfills or in abandoned areas in city landscape thus occupying valuable space

12. Key issues • Non-hazardous solid waste • No policy for effective management, recycling, reuse • Hazardous waste • Legacy contaminated sites • Lack of incentive for recycling/reuse • Illegal disposal for small industries

13. Key issues • Construction and demolition debris • No recycling/reuse though potentially almost everything can be recycled • Waste still going to landfills or in abandoned areas in city landscape thus occupying valuable space

14. Industry operations

15. Unscientific disposal of industrial wastes

16. Unscientific disposal of industrial wastes…

17. Groundwater in Rajasthan- a case

18. Key issues • Biomedical waste • Risk of injury/disease due to exposure • High level of segregation and treatment required • Waste often mixed and seen dumped to MSW sites

19. Key issues • E-waste • Transboundary movement • Improper recycling in informal sector still rampant • Soil and groundwater contamination • Human health issues

20. Open burning of e-waste

21. Acid striping of chips and PCBs

22. Pollution of water bodies

23. Burning of waste

24. Thank you