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MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN. INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS Greentax Sep. 7, 2004 Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Diunduh dari : smno.psdl.ppsub.2013. DIAGRAM LINGKAR MODEL EKONOMI. “EXTERNALITIES” SOCIETY. ?. ECONOMY. ?. ENVIRONMENT.

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  1. MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS Greentax Sep. 7, 2004 Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute Diunduhdari: smno.psdl.ppsub.2013

  2. DIAGRAM LINGKAR MODEL EKONOMI “EXTERNALITIES” SOCIETY ? ECONOMY ? ENVIRONMENT

  3. LINGKUNGAN sbg ‘SUBSET’ dari EKONOMI EKONOMI EKOSISTEM

  4. EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890- No Ingredients, only labor and capital P = f(L,K)= ALa.BKb(Cobb-Douglas multiplication) Labor (Chef ) = x ROTI? X Kapital(oven) Kapital(Mixing bowl)

  5. EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890- INFINITE SUBSTITUT-ABILITY: 2P = f(L,K)= 2ALa. 2BKb More Chefs x = More Bread? or Bigger Mixing bowl

  6. Quotable Quotes • “There is no reason we can’t have a perfectly healthy economy with virtually no resources whatsoever” Robert Solow • “We can do without agriculture because it’s only 2% of the economy.” Norgaard? • “neo-classical economics is a form of brain damage” -- Hazel Henderson

  7. EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS NO “EXTERNALITIES”

  8. EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS Sietem Terbuka Hukum I : Konservasi Massa (some) (waste) ECONOMY

  9. PAJAK HIJAU = GREEN TAX (some) ECONOMY (waste) 3 Ss: Sites Surface locations: ie: land Sources Sub-surface Resources Sinks Absorbtion of waste

  10. EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS Entropi = disorder, randomness Hukum II: Entropiselalumeningkat (waste) ECONOMY (dissipated) LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTROPY

  11. EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS WHAT IS ANTI-ENTROPIC? (SYNTROPIC) (waste) ECONOMY LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTROPY

  12. EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS SISTEM TERTUTUP earth ECONOMY

  13. SCALE-Full World or Empty World? Source: Ecological Economics Principles & Applications, Farley and Daly

  14. DIS-UTILITAS MARGINAL

  15. PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN

  16. MODEL SKY-TRUST (some) ECONOMY (waste) Sumberdaya Sub-surface Resources KeHulu…….!

  17. Sky-Trust model Appendix : Key Features of U.S. Sky Trust Here are the key features of the proposed U.S. Sky Trust. o Carbon emissions cap set initially at 1.346 billion tons, the 1990 level o Tradable carbon emission permits sold annually to energy companies at the top of the carbon chain. o All revenue from permit sales goes into a nationwide trust. o Trust pays equal annual dividends to all U.S. citizens (like the Alaska Permanent Fund). o Dividends can be placed tax-free in Individual Retirement Accounts or Individual Development Accounts for children. o Initial price ceiling on carbon emission permits of $25 a ton; ceiling rises 7 percent a year for four years. o Transition Fund to help those most adversely affected by higher carbon prices. Fund starts at 25 percent of permit revenue, declines 2.5 percent per year.

  18. PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE

  19. PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE

  20. “Golden Rule of Publicly held companies: “Maximization of Shareholder Value” Rational behavior: Externalize costs Influence politics to Seek subsidies and favors

  21. QUOTABLE QUOTES “Altruism is evil and selfishness is a virtue.” -Ayn Rand “Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible.” -Milton Friedman 1962

  22. BIAYA REGULASI Annual Cost: $37-43 billion EPA conservative approach, Consistently overestimates costs, not considering least cost approach and technical innovation Annual Benefits: $121-193 EPA consistently underestimates benefits USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS 5:1

  23. CONSILIENCE “~Resources are infinite and the economy can grow forever” (Julian Simon) “Anyone who thinks you can have infinite growth on a finite planet is either a madman or an economist” (Kenneth Boulding)

  24. EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: Human Development Growth = increase in throughput-quantitative Development Growth Development = qualitative improvement

  25. EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: POPULASI Demographic transition Theory Development Growth

  26. EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: POPULASI

  27. EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: SUKSESI HUTAN Development Growth Reorganization Aggredation Transition Steady-state (mature)

  28. We hear: “There is no conflict between economic growth and environmental protection!”

  29. GDP 1825: ~$200 BILLION 2000: $41,000 B ILLION OR $41 TRILLION =205X 1825 level.

  30. KERUSAKAN IKLIM

  31. Urbanization Agriculture Water diversions (e.g., reservoirs) Recreation, tourism development Pollution Domestic livestock, ranching 247 205 160 148 143 136 Sebab-sebabBencanaLingkungan Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.

  32. Mineral, gas, oil extraction Non-native species Harvest Modified fire regimes Road construction/maintenance Industrial development 134 115 101 83 83 81 Sebab-sebabBencanaLingkungan Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.

  33. SKENARIO DAYA DUKUNG K K-selection Individuals r-selection Time

  34. K Natural capital allocated to wildlife GNP Natural capital allocated to human economy Time Czech, B. 2000. Economic growth as the limiting factor for wildlife conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1):4-14.

  35. KAPITAL SUMBERDAYA ALAM “We treat the earth like a business in liquidation.” Herman Daly Opportunity cost. Loss is not counted.

  36. DAYA DUKUNG EKONOMI (“Plimsoll line”) K K-selection GNP r-selection Time

  37. We Might Ask K What happens here? Economy of nature GGP Human economy

  38. ALOKASI SUMBERDAYA ALAM KU X natural capital allocable KT Natural capital allocated to non-human economy GNP Natural capital allocated to human economy Time

  39. Distribution-Grow out of poverty?

  40. Rivalness and Excludability • rival • My use leaves less for you to use • Excludable (property rights) • One person can keep another from using the good • Consumer must pay, market will supply Must have a price to work in the free market!

  41. Rivalness and Excludability • Non-rival • My use does not leave less for you to use • Market sells for a price, discouraging use, but social cost of use = 0, therefore market should not supply • Non-excludable • One person can’t keep another from using the good • Consumer will not pay, market will not supply Must have a price to work in the free market!

  42. Non-Excludable Excludable Open Access Regime: (misnamed: Tragedy of the commons) Oceanic fisheries, timberetc. from unprotected forests, air pollution, waste absorption capacity Market Good: Food, clothes, cars, land, timber, fish once captured, farmed fish, regulated pollution Rival} Potential market good (Tragedy of the “non-commons”)but inefficient: patented information, Pond, roads (congestible), streetlights Pure Public Good:climate stability, ozone layer, clean air/water/land, Biodiversity, information, habitat, life support functions, etc. Non-rival} Public beaches, gardens, roads, etc. Non-rival, congestible Private beaches, private gardens, toll roads, zoos, movies

  43. Diunduhdari: ….. 30/9/2012

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